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KAS Current Affairs

KAS Current Affairs: Current Affairs is the living pulse of the KPSC syllabus. It is not a standalone subject to be memorized in isolation; rather, it is a dynamic thread that weaves together History, Economy, Polity, and Ethics across both the Preliminary and Main stages. In the context of the upcoming examinations, transitioning from simply “reading the news” to “studying the syllabus through the news” is the critical shift that separates a serious aspirant from a casual reader.

The “Syllabus-First” Philosophy
By following a current affairs pattern strictly mapped to the KPSC syllabus, you ensure that every hour spent reading the newspaper is an hour spent building your exam rank.

April 6, 2026 No Comments

Current Affairs English

KAS Current Affairs

Preliminary Examination

Paper-I: Current Events of National and International Importance

‘Private hospitals should mandatorily report minor pregnancy cases under POCSO Act’
Context: The Health Department has directed private hospitals to mandatorily report cases of minor pregnancies under the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, warning that failure to do so would invite legal action against both doctors and hospital managements.

As per the provisions of the Act, all cases involving pregnant girls below 18 years must be reported to the authorities.
Guidelines issued by the Health Commissioner on April 1, 2026 stated that if a minor is admitted to a private hospital, the treating doctor must immediately inform the nearest Special Juvenile Police Unit or the local police station.
Officials have also instructed that such cases should be promptly reported to the Child Helpline by dialling Childline 1098, to facilitate timely protection and rehabilitation measures.

Documentation

Private hospitals have been asked to maintain proper documentation of POCSO cases and ensure that medical records are preserved in accordance with legal requirements.
They must also safeguard patient confidentiality while extending necessary cooperation to investigating authorities.
Further, the Department has emphasised the need for all private hospitals to sensitise their doctors and staff about the provisions and responsibilities under the POCSO Act.

Patented drug tariffs: ‘India more or less shielded’

Context: India is unlikely to be significantly impacted by U.S. President Donald Trump’s announcement of 100% tariffs on certain patented drugs, as the country primarily exports low-cost generic medicines to America, think tank GTRI said.

Mr. Trump signed an executive order on April 2, announcing the imposition of a 100% ad valorem duty on the import of certain patented pharmaceuticals and associated pharmaceutical ingredients.
The order builds on a Section 232 investigation launched on May 1, 2025, which cited national security risks from dependence on foreign drug supplies.
The Global Trade Research Initiative (GTRI) said the move has left “India largely protected, given its dominance in low-cost generic drug exports to the U.S.” In 2025, India exported $9.7 billion pharmaceuticals to the U.S.

Paper-II: Current Events of State Importance and Important Government Schemes and Programs

State rolls out free reading glasses scheme
Context: The government has partnered with Restoring Vision to roll out a programme aimed at providing free vision screening and reading glasses to citizens aged 40 years and above across the State, beginning with Yadgir district.

The State government has partnered with RestoringVision to roll out a programme aimed at providing free vision screening and reading glasses to citizens aged 40 years and above across the State, beginning with Yadgir district.
The initiative, implemented through Ayushman Arogya Mandir Sub Centres, marks the first such collaboration in India to address presbyopia at scale at the sub-centre level. In the first phase, about one lakh reading glasses will be distributed free of cost across 216 government health facilities in Yadgir, covering hospitals, Community Health Centres, Primary Health Centres and sub-centres.
The programme is expected to benefit nearly 3.28 lakh residents aged 40 and above in the district. Officials said Yadgir was chosen for the pilot as the initial supply is sufficient to meet the district’s near-vision correction needs.
Presbyopia, an age-related decline in the ability to focus on nearby objects, is a leading cause of vision impairment. Health officials estimate that nearly 28% of Yadgir’s population is affected by the condition, which can be corrected with reading glasses.

GBA, five corporations unveil logos
Context: The GBA has unveiled official logos for the authority and the five city corporations on its website. The GBA logo features the image of Kempe Gowda along with the iconic Kempe Gowda tower.

GBA logo with image of Kempe Gowda and logos of five corporations unveiled
The Greater Bengaluru Authority (GBA) has unveiled official logos for both the authority and the five city corporations on its website.
While the GBA logo features the image of Kempe Gowda along with the iconic Kempe Gowda tower, the logos of the five corporations retain only the tower, each distinguished by a different colour.

English and Kannada

All the logos carry the respective corporation names in both Kannada and English.
According to a GBA official, the designs were approved during an executive meeting chaired by Deputy Chief Minister D.K. Shivakumar in March.
The logos have been released on the corporations’ websites and were said to have been developed as part of their maiden budgets.
Until now, all five corporations continued to function under the erstwhile Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike (BBMP) website, even seven months after their formation. During their maiden budget announcements, all corporations except the East City Corporation had indicated plans to launch independent websites to bring “transparency”, the GBA official said.
The East City Corporation, however, had only proposed setting up a “public dashboard”.

Third language grading row: Governor asks State government to re-examine decision
Context: Following a representation by the Association for Preservation of Local Languages, Bengaluru, the Karnataka Governor’s office has written to the Chief Secretary to examine the recent decision to award grading to third languages, including Hindi, instead of marking, in SSLC examination.

In his letter to Chief Secretary Shalini Rajneesh, R. Prabhu Shankar, special secretary to Governor Thaawarchand Gehlot, said that the representation submitted recently highlighted “the significant role played by the third language in fostering linguistic diversity, awareness, and intellectual development among students.”

Academic importance

“It has been pointed out that the proposed system of awarding only grades, in place of marks, may inadvertently diminish the academic importance of the subject and affect students’ motivation to engage seriously with it. The concerns raised also reflect apprehensions among teachers, parents, and educationists regarding the long-term implications of such a policy decision on the overall quality and inclusiveness of school education in the State,” the letter said.
Further the letter stated that the Governor had taken note of the issues raised in the representation and desired that the matter be examined comprehensively, keeping in view its academic and administrative aspects across the education sector.
“Therefore, examine the matter in consultation with the Department of School Education and other authorities concerned, and take such action as deemed appropriate in the larger interest of students and the State’s educational objectives,” he requested.
Recently School Education Minister Madhu Bangarappa announced shifting from marks to grading system for third language in the State.
The decision has received mixed reaction, with some welcoming the move and some others raising objections. The announcement had come even as the SSLC examinations were under way, creating confusion among students. Over 7.5 lakh students have Hindi as their third language, followed by English (32,000) and Kannada (11,400). Urdu, Sanskrit, Tulu, Konkani and Marathi are the other third languages.

Karnataka tops under ‘Namo Drone Didi Yojana’
Context: Karnataka, which is one of the leading aviation hubs in the country, also has the most number of women self-help groups (SHGs) to have undergone training as drone pilots under the ‘Namo Drone Didi Yojana’ (NDDY).

Under the initiative, 145 members of SHGs from the State have been given drone pilot training which is the highest in the country followed by Uttar Pradesh (128) and Andhra Pradesh (108).
In Karnataka, Koppal district topped the list, with 13 members of SHGs followed by Kalaburagi (12) and Mandya (11).
One of the main objectives of this scheme, apart from empowering the SHGs, is to improve efficiency in agricultural practices and enhance crop yield. The programme’s success breaks the stereotype of SHGs being mostly engaged in the making of home-based products such as papads and pickles.
Asha Rani C.S., from Churchugundi village in Shikaripur taluk of Shivamogga district, is among those who underwent this training in Mysuru in January, 2024. For the last two years, she has been operating drone to spray medicines in maize and paddy farms.
“The training is helping me financially too. Under the scheme I got drone as well. In a year for about four to five months, I get work to spray medicine in the farm fields. Sometimes, my earnings go up to ₹1 lakh a month,” she said.
As per information by Minister of State for Civil Aviation Murlidhar Mohol to a question in the Lok Sabha during the ongoing Budget session of Parliament a total of 1,094 SHG members have been trained as drone pilots in the country.
Across India, Prayagraj in Uttar Pradesh was ranked first, with 16 members of SHGs. The NDDY was launched by the Central government for providing 15,000 drones to the Women SHGs with an outlay of ₹1,261 crore for the period from 2023-24 to 2025-26. “The NDDY was approved by the government as a Central Sector Scheme with an outlay of ₹1,261 crore for the period from the financial year 2023-24 to FY 2025-26. The scheme aims to provide 15,000 agricultural drones to select women SHGs,” the Minister said in his reply.
He added that in 2023, 1,094 drones were distributed to SHGs by lead fertilizer companies using their internal resources. Out of these 1,094 drones, 500 were distributed under the NDDY scheme.
According to the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, 15 days drone pilot training for one of the members of SHGs and five days drone assistant training for other member/family members of SHGs is provided as a part of the drone package.

Main Examination

Paper-I: Essays

Essay – 1: Topic of International/National Importance

Essay-2: Topic of State importance/Local Importance

Paper-II: General Studies 1

Paper-III: General Studies 2

Home Ministry revises classification ofdistricts affected by left-wing extremism
Context: The Union Home Ministry has re-categorised the total number of districts affected by left-wing extremism (LWE) in the country replacing the earlier classification of “most affected” with “LWE affected,” “districts of concern” and “legacy and thrust districts”.

While the number of districts in the LWE category remains unchanged at 38 compared to 2024-25, the classification now reflects shifts in the severity of violence reported in these areas.
The red corridor has significantly contracted — from over 200 districts in 2005 to just two in 2026 — and its definition has also been revised.
On March 27, three days before Home Minister Amit Shah declared in Lok Sabha that the country is now “Naxal-free,” the Ministry reviewed the “categorisation of districts affected by LWE” and sent the fresh list to the Home Secretaries and Directors-General of Police (DGP) of Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Telangana, and West Bengal. While Bijapur in Chhattisgarh and West Singbhum in Jharkhand are the only two districts that have been characterised as “LWE affected”, Kanker in Chhattisgarh is a “district of concern”, and there are 35 other “legacy and thrust districts” across nine States.
These districts are Alluri Sitaramraju in Andhra Pradesh; Aurangabad, Gaya, Jamui, Lakhisarai in Bihar; Bastar, Narayanpur, Kondagaon, Bijapur, Dhamtari, Kabirdham, Khairagarh-Chhuikhadan-Gandai, Mohla-Manpur-Ambagarh Chowki, Gariyaband, Sukma and Dantewada in Chattisgarh; Bokaro, Chatra and Latehar in Jharkhand; Balaghat and Mandla in Madhya Pradesh; Gadchiroli and Gondia in Maharashtra; Boudh, Sundargarh, Kalahandi, Koraput, Malkangiri, Nabarangpur, Nuapada, Rayagada, Kandhamal in Odisha; Bhadradri-Kothagudem, Mulugu in Telangana and Jhargram in West Bengal.
Till November 2025, Bijapur, Sukma and Narayanpur, in Chhattisgarh were included in the category of “most affected”.
“The categorisation of districts provides the basis for deployment of resources under various schemes. The evolving LWE situation necessitates a periodic review of the districts in order to ensure that the focus of anti-LWE efforts remains aligned to the ground realities,” the Ministry said.
It added that the districts covered under the Security Related Expenditure (SRE) Scheme have been comprehensively revised again.

Rajasthan High Court expunges remarks on Transgender Act
Context: The Rajasthan High Court has modified its March 30 verdict to expunge certain portions criticising the recently enacted Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Amendment Act, 2026. In a clarificatory order issued on Thursday, the court said that its observations that the amendment diluted constitutional guarantees had been included “by mistake” and were “neither intended nor necessary.”

The March 30 ruling on a petition filed by a transgender woman included an epilogue authored by Justice Arun Monga, which observed that the new law, by curtailing the right to gender self-identification, departs from the “constitutional baseline” set by the Supreme Court’s 2014 ruling in National Legal Services Authority v. Union of India. It noted that the amendment risked reducing what the top court had recognised as an “inviolable aspect of personhood” to a “contingent, State-mediated entitlement”.
The amendment Bill was passed in Parliament last week and became law with the President’s assent late on Monday.
In its Thursday order, the High Court Bench observed that certain portions had been inadvertently included in the epilogue of the earlier judgment and directed the deletion of paragraphs which stated that the rights of transgender persons must not be “rendered illusory by procedural constraints” and which criticised the amendment for making legal recognition of gender identity contingent upon “certification, scrutiny, or other forms of administrative endorsement”.
“Upon our re-reading of the epilogue, it appears that by mistake the following text was included therein, although it was neither intended nor necessary,” said the Bench, which included Justice Yogendra Kumar Purohit. However, the judges declined a request that the epilogue be excluded from the judgment or disregarded for precedential purposes.
In the revised epilogue, the Bench retained its position that the right to self-identify one’s gender is an “intrinsic facet of dignity, autonomy, and personal liberty under Articles 14, 15, 16 and 21” and “not a matter of concession, but a matter of right”. It, however, added that the epilogue is to be treated as a “statement of facts in the process of a changing legal landscape”.

Paper-IV: General Studies 3

Great Nicobar plan stirs fresh concerns
Context: A draft plan outlining the “relocation” of Nicobarese tribal communities affected by the Union government’s Great Nicobar Island (GNI) mega-infrastructure project “to their ancestral lands” has created confusion and is exacerbating existing apprehensions among locals. They have been, for four years, protesting the clearance for the ₹92,000-crore project after withdrawing their consent in 2022, alleging that their forest rights had not been settled.

This draft “Comprehensive Tribal Welfare Plan”, prepared by the Andaman and Nicobar Islands administration and circulated on March 13 for consultation with line departments and the Tribal Council of Great Nicobar, proposes a ₹42.52-crore outlay over 24 months for the “relocation of Nicobarese tribal communities from tsunami-affected or project-impacted areas”, which involves housing, land development and basic infrastructure.
However, details of where the proposed relocation will take place and who will be relocated have left members of the Tribal Council of Great and Little Nicobar confused, according to Nicobarese community leaders who spoke to The Hindu.

They said they were handed a copy of the draft plan on March 28 and have since been called for two meetings by the district administration in Campbell Bay to sign off on it. This comes as the Union government told a Calcutta High Court Bench on March 30 that it needed 15 days to “demonstrate that consent has been taken from the tribal people” for its project. At a meeting on April 1, the Tribal Council submitted a letter pointing out that some aspects of the draft were unclear and requested a Hindi translation of it. They said they would need at least a month to review the translated document.
Notably, while the draft plan states the GNI project “involves relocation”, the Centre has repeatedly said the project would not “disturb or displace tribes”.

Unclear relocation plans

According to a letter attached to the draft, the plan was prepared after Tribal Council leaders demanded a return to ancestral villages on the west coast of GNI that were destroyed in the 2004 tsunami, after which communities were shifted to encampments in Rajiv Nagar and New Chingenh near Campbell Bay. However, the draft plan states, “The project involves relocation to Rajiv Nagar (32 households, 101 persons) and New Chingenh (30 households, 117 persons).”
In a section, the plan proposes Pulobhabi for “community purposes” of residents in Rajiv Nagar, to “facilitate periodic visits to ancestral lands”, while adding, “an option shall remain open” for families to return to ancestral villages outside the project area. For New Chingenh residents, the plan records their desire to return to Old Chingenh and Pulo Baha, but notes a final decision will be taken after assessing land availability and consultations, while their existing accommodations will be upgraded.
Further, the plan lists all enumerated families in Rajiv Nagar and New Chingenh (62 families in total) and then states: “Proposed relocation site: Pulobhabi, western coast of GNI”.
The tables in the draft also add to the ambiguity: allocations are made for upgrading 62 homes and building only 30 new homes, while another section states permanent shelters “will be built for all 62 households” — neither part explicitly mentions where these homes would come up. District authorities have not yet responded to The Hindu’s queries on what exactly the plan proposes.
A leader of the Tribal Council said Pulobhabi is just one among several ancestral village sites, and the proposal lists only about 13 pre-tsunami Nicobarese villages when there are many more.
In New Delhi on March 20, Great and Little Nicobar Tribal Council chief Barnabas Manju had said the community has long demanded a return to all ancestral villages along the west coast since displacement in 2004.
Soon after the project was granted Stage-I clearance in 2022, the community withdrew their consent, fearing that it would encroach on their forest lands, including ancestral villages, preventing their return. Council leaders say the apprehension has been exacerbated as the administration has not clearly explained project boundaries.

Major hurdle for Yettinahole project cleared: MoEFCC gives in-principle approval for diversion of forestland
Context: The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC), Government of India, has accorded in-principle (stage-1) approval for diversion of 111.02 hectares of forestland in Hassan and Tumakuru districts for the Yettinahole Drinking Water Project, targeted to provide water to drought-prone areas in Karnataka.

In a letter dated April 1, 2026, the Forest Conservation Division of the MoEFCC informed the Additional Chief Secretary (Forest, Ecology and Environment) in Karnataka that the Centre accorded the stage-1 approval under the Van (Samrakshan Evam Samvardhan) Abdhiniyam, 1980, for diverting the land to construct a gravity canal passing through the two districts.
Deputy Chief Minister D.K. Shivakumar, who holds the portfolio of Water Resources, had met Minister for Environment and Forests Bhupendra Yadav several times to request approval for the proposal.
The MoEFCC has placed certain conditions with regard to compensatory afforestation, online transfer of the Net Present Value (NPV) of the forestland being diverted, settlement of the rights with respect to Scheduled Tribes and traditional forest-dwellers in the forestland, among others.
The Visvesvaraya Jala Nigama Ltd., the project proponent, has to fulfil the conditions and take the working permit to begin the canal work in the forest. A senior official stated that, with the approval, a major hurdle for the project had been cleared. Earlier, the proposal was for the diversion of 173.31 hectares. However, it was revised to 111.02 hectares, due to which the estimation cost of the project went up by ₹425 crore.
“Now, we have to show compliance for the condition and make necessary payments to get the permission to begin the work on the ground. The technical procedures will follow,” the official said.
Of the 252-km-long canal, about 208 km has been completed. The work on the 25 km-long is under progress and the work of another 16 kms is yet to begin. “We are seeking cooperation from the departments of Revenue, Home, Forest to continue the civil work,” said the official.
The first phase of the work, which includes constructing eight weirs at different locations in Sakleshpur, has been completed. The second phase was stuck due to the delay in getting forest clearance.
As a result, the project implementation agency was forced to divert water to Vani Vilas Sagar in Hiriyur in Chitradurga district. The officials are now hopeful of directing the water to Tumakuru district by October this year.
The project has been designed to ease drinking water woes of nearly 75 lakh people in drought-prone Kolar, Chickballapur, Ramanagara, Tumakuru, Bengaluru Rural, Chikkamagaluru, and Hassan districts.

VJNL hopeful of supplying water to Tumakuru by October
Context: Rainfall data collected since 2017 shows average availability of 18 tmcft of water from the streams in the Western Ghats; VJNL claims the water available is more than sufficient for drinking purposes.

With the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) according in-principle (stage-1) approval for diversion of 111.02 hectares of forest land in Hassan and Tumakuru districts for the Yettinahole Drinking Water Project, officials of Visvesvaraya Jala Nigam Limited are hopeful of supplying water from the Western Ghats to Tumakuru district by October 2026, and completing the project by October 2027, provided funds are made available.
The project aims to provide drinking water and fill the tanks in the drought-prone districts with a total population over 75 lakhs.

As per the design, 24.01 tmcft of water will be diverted during the monsoon from four streams — Yettinahole, Kadumane Hole, Keri Hole and Hongadahalla. Of this, 14.056 tmcft is earmarked for drinking water supply, while the remaining water will be used to fill 527 tanks up to 50% of their capacity.

Approved in 2012

The project was approved by the Karnataka government in July 2012 at an estimated cost of ₹8,323.5 crore. The cost was revised in February 2014 to ₹12,912.36 crore and again in January 2023 to ₹23,251.66 crore. As of the end of February 2026, the cumulative expenditure stood at ₹18,205.55 crore.
The project is being executed in two stages. The first stage, lift component, has been completed. Eight weirs were constructed to tap water from the streams. The stage that has been completed was commissioned in September 2024. In the absence of the gravity canal, the lifted water was temporarily diverted to Vani Vilas Sagar in Chitradurga district. Over the last two years, 3.283 tmcft of water has been diverted to the reservoir.
Sannachittaiah, Managing Director of VJNL, told The Hindu on Friday that in the second stage, the construction of gravity canal was going on. “Of the 252-km-long canal, work on 208 km has been completed. The work on 25 km is under progress. We could not tackle the remaining 16 km due to the forest issue. Now it has been resolved,” said the officer.
The crucial 16-km stretch passes through Belur, Arsikere taluks of Hassan and Gubbi of Tumakuru. The officials are hopeful of completing the stretch with the cooperation of other departments and flow water up to Tumakuru by October 31, 2026.
“The feeder canals of Madhugiri, Pavagada and Gowribidanur have been completed and the T.G. Halli feeder is 90% complete. We are confident of taking water to Tumakuru district by October,” the MD said. Similarly, if the government provided the remaining funds in two years, the project would be completed and people of Chikkaballapur and Kolar would get drinking water by October 2027.

Water availability

Since the start of the project, many have questioned the availability of 24.01 tmcft of water from the streams in the Western Ghats. The Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) also questioned the VJNL’s calculation of water availability.
The rainfall data collected from the rain gauges at the weirs in Sakaleshpur since 2017 projected average availability of 18 tmcft, which is 6 tmcft less than the designed quantity.
Mr. Sannachittaiah, however, claimed that there was no shortage of water for drinking water purposes. “This is primarily a drinking water project. Whenever there is excess availability of water, tanks will be filled up. Anyhow, there is no shortage to provide drinking water for people of 6,657 villages in 29 taluks of seven districts, besides 38 urban local bodies, covering over 75 lakh people,” said the MD.
He added that VJNL has engaged consultants to conduct a pre-feasibility study to explore additional water availability at the Netravathi and Kumaradhara river junction to make up the shortfall of 6 tmcft.

Gaganyaan: ISRO’s Mission MITRA commences in Leh
Context: As part of the Gaganyaan mission, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is undertaking Mission MITRA (Mapping of Interoperable Traits and Response Assessment) in Leh.

Mission MITRA, a first-of-its-kind team behavioral study designed by ISRO and the India Air Force’s (IAF) Institute of Aerospace Medicine, commenced on April 2 and will go on till April 9.
ISRO said that the crew safety and performance are the most critical elements of all human space flight missions.
“The ability of crew to communicate effectively, adapt to stress, maintain psychological resilience and support one another determines the success and safety of any mission. Analog missions conducted under controlled yet realistic conditions are utilised to understand how crew perform under challenging conditions,” ISRO said.
Towards this ISRO has undertaken mission MITRA in Leh where the altitude is approximately 3,500 metres. Besides Leh also has the environmental conditions of hypoxia, low temperature, and isolation as a natural analog for spaceflight operations.

Indigenous stealth frigate INS Taragiri commissioned

In a significant boost to India’s maritime security and the ‘Aatmanirbharta’ initiative, the guided-missile stealth frigate INS Taragiri was commissioned into the Indian Navy at the Eastern Naval Command base in Visakhapatnam on Friday. The ceremony, attended by Defence Minister Rajnath Singh, Chief of Defence Staff General Anil Chauhan, and Chief of the Naval Staff Admiral Dinesh K. Tripathi, marked the induction of a vessel that represents a generational leap in naval engineering. Powered by a combined diesel or gas propulsion engine and equipped with supersonic surface-to-surface missiles and advanced anti-submarine suites, the frigate is now a cornerstone of the Eastern Fleet.

INS Aridhaman, nuclear-powered submarine, enters India’s naval fleet
Context: Defence Minister Rajnath Singh presided over a brief ceremony to formally commission the country’s third nuclear submarine, INS Aridhaman (S4), which is the third in the Arihant-class of SSBNs (Submersible Ship Ballistic Nuclear), on Friday at Visakhapatnam.

The vessel, being part of the strategic weapons programme, falls under the domain of the Strategic Forces and is part of the country’s nuclear triad. As per sources in the Navy, the commissioning was not made public and was carried out quietly, but Mr. Singh dropped enough hints to acknowledge the commissioning of the vessel.
While the event was kept under wraps, Defence Minister Rajnath Singh posted a cryptic message on X, describing the submarine as: “It’s not words but power, ‘Aridhaman’!”
Sources in the Navy said that the commissioning of INS Aridhaman was on the cards, as the submarine had already undergone extensive sea trials, and it coincided with Mr. Singh’s visit to Visakhapatnam for the commissioning of the stealth guided-missile frigate INS Taragiri.
The closely guarded SSBN project, initially launched as the Advanced Technology Vessel (ATV) project, is being executed by the Ship Building Centre (SBC) in Visakhapatnam. The first vessel was launched in July 2009 and was quietly commissioned in 2016. The second indigenously built SSBN, INS Arighaat, was commissioned in August 2024.
While Arihant and Arighaat are smaller vessels of about 6,000 tonnes, Aridhaman (S4) and S4* are bigger vessels of about 7,000 tonnes. The S4* (which may be named Arisudan) is currently undergoing sea trials.
Compared to its predecessors, Aridhaman and its successor S4* will have more firepower.
India is already one of the nations, along with the U.S., Russia, China, and France, to possess a nuclear triad capability, which means it has the ability to launch nuclear-tipped missiles from air, land, and sea.

Paper-V: General Studies 4

Source: The Hindu

April 4, 2026 No Comments

Current Affairs English

KAS Current Affairs

Preliminary Examination

Paper-I: Current Events of National and International Importance

Paper-II: Current Events of State Importance and Important Government Schemes and Programs

Main Examination

Paper-I: Essays

Essay – 1: Topic of International/National Importance

Essay-2: Topic of State importance/Local Importance

Paper-II: General Studies 1

Paper-III: General Studies 2

Paper-IV: General Studies 3

Paper-V: General Studies 4

April 3, 2026 No Comments

Current Affairs English

KAS Current Affairs

Preliminary Examination

Paper-I: Current Events of National and International Importance

Paper-II: Current Events of State Importance and Important Government Schemes and Programs

Main Examination

Paper-I: Essays

Essay – 1: Topic of International/National Importance

Essay-2: Topic of State importance/Local Importance

Paper-II: General Studies 1

GST collection grew by 11.6%
Context: In a year where the GST rate rationalisation threw up a huge challenge, data shared by the Commercial Taxes Department shows that a total of ₹1.58 lakh crore was collected as GST in the State, a growth of 11.6% from 2024-2025.

In a year where the GST rate rationalisation threw up a huge challenge for the State to mop up resources, Karnataka received ₹87,256 crore as part of the SGST, and the SGST portion of the IGST settlement during 2025-2026, about 5% more than 2024-2025 when the settlement was ₹82,808 crore.
Data shared by the Commercial Taxes Department shows that a total of ₹1.58 lakh crore was collected as GST in the State, a growth of 11.6% over the collection in 2024-2025. Collection in Karnataka is the second highest in the country after Maharashtra where the GST collection stood at ₹3.61 lakh crore during 2025-2026.
Of the total collection of ₹1.58 lakh crore, ₹40,621 crore was CGST, ₹50,245 crore was SGST, and ₹67,351 crore was IGST.
The State government had estimated the revenue loss at about ₹10,000 crore owing to GST rate rationalisation in 2025-2026, and is estimating a revenue loss of about ₹15,000 crore in 2026-27.

Paper-III: General Studies 2

Exclusion from rolls doesn’t repeal voting rights forever, says SC
Context: The rights of West Bengal voters purged from the electoral rolls during the special intensive revision (SIR), and unable to make it to any of the supplementary lists ahead of the Assembly election, cannot be “washed away forever”, the Supreme Court said.

A three-judge Bench headed by Chief Justice of India (CJI) Surya Kant made the observation in the context of 19 tribunals constituted by the Election Commission of India (EC) to hear appeals of persons excluded from the electoral roll. Justice Joymalya Bagchi, on the Bench, said the adjudication and appellate processes of the SIR exercise must be taken to its logical conclusion, and anything less would lead to an “extremely oppressive” situation.
The Bench also highlighted a Calcutta High Court communication saying nearly 47 lakh of a total 60 lakh claims under adjudication had already been disposed of and the remaining would be cleared by April 7. The appellate hearings would ensure justice for those excluded incorrectly, CJI Kant said.

Bill to establish Amaravati as sole capital of A.P. gets Lok Sabha nod
Context: The Lok Sabha passed a Bill to recognise Amaravati as the sole and permanent capital of Andhra Pradesh, with the principal Opposition party Congress extending support to the legislation. The YSR Congress Party – which had earlier proposed a three-capital plan for the State – walked out in protest.

The Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation (Amendment) Bill, 2026, was passed by a voice vote after a nearly two-hour debate. It will now be sent to the Rajya Sabha, and then to the President for assent.
Once enacted, it will give statutory backing to Amaravati as the State’s capital with effect from June 2, 2024, effectively foreclosing any future attempt to alter the decision.
Initiating the discussion, Congress member Manickam Tagore said his party supported the Bill but reiterated the demand for special category status for the State.
Supporting the legislation, BJP member C.M. Ramesh said it was perhaps the first instance of Parliament enacting a law to formally declare a specific location as a State capital.
The YSRCP, however, opposed the measure, arguing that the interests of farmers who had parted with land for the project remained unaddressed.

CAPF Bill passed by Rajya Sabha after Opposition walkout
Context: The Central Armed Police Forces (General Administration) Bill, which was passed in the Rajya Sabha, will further strengthen the security system of the country, Minister of State for Home Affairs Nityanand Rai said, while replying to the debate on the legislation.

The Opposition walked out after Mr. Rai’s speech, alleging that the government had not addressed any concerns about the Bill raised by their MPs and senior officers of the Central Armed Police Forces (CAPF).
Mr. Rai maintained that the Bill was an important step in resolving several inconsistencies in CAPF service rules, cadre management, and appointment-related issues, among others, to boost the efficiency and morale of the forces.
“The Bill aims to create an umbrella structure for resolving several such anomalies and streamlining its structure for better coordination and implementation,” Mr. Rai said, while maintaining that the Bill is not against the federal structure.
Soon after Mr. Rai’s speech, Opposition Leader Mallikarjun Kharge reiterated the demand that the Bill should be referred to a select committee of Parliament. He alleged that Mr. Rai had not addressed the core issues raised by the Opposition on the institutionalisation of deputation, adverse impact on morale and career progression, lack of consultation and representation, and lack of concern for judicial direction.
Nationalist Congress Party (Sharad Pawar) MP Fauzia Khan said the Bill was judicial invasion wearing the clothes of law.
“Imagine joining one of these forces as an Assistant Commandant, young, ready to serve, 16 years have passed, you have fought insurgents, you have earned your promotion, and yet you have not received it,” Ms. Khan said.

NSCN-K seeks ‘religious conversion’, Arunachal govt. tells UAPA tribunal
Context: The Arunachal Pradesh government told an Unlawful Activities Prevention Act (UAPA) tribunal recently that the National Socialist Council of Nagaland-Khaplang (NSCN-K), a banned outfit which seeks the merger of Naga-dominated areas in India and Myanmar, wants to “convert people to Christianity” in order to have a “homogenous society for a common cause”.

A UAPA tribunal on March 19 upheld a Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) notification of September 22, 2025 to declare the NSCN-K an unlawful association under the UAPA, 1967 for another five years. The group was involved in the June 4, 2015 ambush of an Army convoy in Manipur in which 18 Army personnel were killed.
In its deposition, the Arunachal Pradesh government said other than the forceful conversion of locals to Christianity, the group intends to “bring all the sub-tribes under one banner Tangsang-Naga” and “this is indicative of a deeper conspiracy to create homogenous demographic structure”.
The outfit is active in the Tirap, Changlang and Longding (TCL) districts of Arunachal Pradesh. The State government did not depose on these lines before the tribunal that was set up in 2015, when the outfit was banned first.
It added that the group indulges in unlawful interference in electoral process, drug trafficking and has established hideouts/camps in the three districts to attack/ambush security force personnel.
Named after its leader S.S. Khaplang, who died in Myanmar in 2017, the NSCN-K was formed in January 1990 after a split from the parent group, the National Socialist Council of Nagaland, in 1988. The latter is now known as the NSCN (Isak-Muivah) and has been in peace talks with the government since 1997. The National Investigation Agency had declared a reward of ₹17 lakh for Khaplang’s arrest for executing the ambush on the Army convoy. The NSCN-K was initially banned for five years in 2020, extended for another five years in 2025.
The Ministry informed the tribunal that in the past five years, NSCN-K factions were involved in 29 incidents of violence, in which 18 deaths and injuries to 16 security personnel and civilians occurred; 71 cases were registered with chargesheets filed in 56 cases and 35 cadres were prosecuted or convicted. Eighty-five cadres were arrested, 69 cadres surrendered and 51 other criminal activities, including kidnappings, were reported.
The Ministry submitted that the group reportedly has an approximate strength of 400-500 cadres in Myanmar, including 50-75 Indian Naga cadres.

LS passes Jan Vishwas Amendment Bill 2026
Context: The Lok Sabha on Wednesday passed the Jan Vishwas (Amendment of Provisions) Bill, 2026, by voice vote, aiming to decriminalise minor offences across various laws and further promote ease of doing business and living.

The Bill proposes to amend 784 provisions of 79 Central Acts administered by 23 Ministries. It seeks to decriminalise 717 provisions and amend 67 provisions to facilitate ease of living.
It also seeks to rationalise more than 1,000 offences, removing outdated and redundant provisions, thereby improving the overall regulatory environment. Replying to the debate on the Bill, Commerce and Industry Minister Piyush Goyal said it will help people and MSMEs. Amendments moved by Congress member K. Kavya were rejected by voice vote.

Paper-IV: General Studies 3

Karnataka seeks public feedback on draft policy for students’ digital use
Context: The Karnataka Health Department has opened its draft policy on responsible digital use among students for public feedback, inviting objections and suggestions until April 15. The draft policy was released last week.

Prepared in collaboration with the NIMHANS and other stakeholders, the draft policy is aimed at tackling growing concerns over excessive and unsafe use of digital devices among schoolchildren. Students, parents, and the general public can submit their responses via email to dd6mhkar@gmail.com and ddehospital-hfws@karnataka.gov.in.
Addressing presspersons on Wednesday, Health Minister Dinesh Gundu Rao said, “The public is increasingly aware of the negative effects of mobile phones on health and education, including anxiety, cyberbullying, sleeplessness and social isolation. You may also notice that family members are speaking less with each other because of mobile phone use.
It is disturbing our social structure.” “While we have learnt how to use technology, we have not adequately understood its adverse effects, including digital addiction and its impact on the mind,” the Minister said, emphasising that the policy stresses training parents and teachers to help reduce excessive mobile phone use among children.

One in four

The draft highlights that nearly one in four adolescents shows signs of problematic internet use, linking excessive screen time to mental health concerns such as anxiety, sleep disturbances, poor academic performance, and social isolation, along with risks like cyberbullying and online exploitation.
The framework promotes digital well-being, emotional resilience, and responsible technology use.

Training of teachers

“Schools will be required to frame their own digital use guidelines, including setting limits on recreational screen time – recommended at no more than one hour a day – addressing cyber misconduct, and ensuring access to counselling support.
Teachers will be trained to identify early signs of digital distress and guide students to appropriate services,” the Minister said.
The policy urges them to enforce screen-time rules, create device-free spaces at home, and model responsible digital behaviour, while schools are expected to strengthen engagement with families, he said.

NASA begins fuelling rocket for first lunar trip in 50 years
Context: NASA began fuelling its moon rocket for humanity’s first lunar trip in more than half a century, aiming for an evening lift-off with four astronauts.

Tensions were high as hydrogen fuel started flowing into the rocket hours ahead of the planned launch. Dangerous hydrogen leaks erupted during a countdown test earlier this year, forcing a lengthy flight delay.
The launch team needs to load more than 2.6 million litres into the 32-story Space Launch System rocket on the pad before the Artemis II crew can board.
“It is time to fly,” commander Reid Wiseman said on the eve of launch via X. Favourable weather was forecast.
Three Americans and one Canadian will fly around the moon without stopping or even orbiting — then head straight back for a Pacific splashdown. They will set a new distance record for the farthest humans have travelled from Earth as they zoom some 6,400 km beyond the moon and then hang a U-turn.
Astronauts last flew to the moon during Apollo 17 in 1972.

Paper-V: General Studies 4

April 2, 2026 No Comments

Current Affairs English

KAS Current Affairs

Coming Soon…

April 1, 2026 No Comments

Current Affairs English

KAS Current Affairs

Preliminary Examination

Paper-I: Current Events of National and International Importance

Telangana passes Bill to protect gig workers
Context: In a decisive move to protect the rapidly expanding gig workforce, the Telangana Assembly on Monday passed The Telangana Platform Based Gig Workers (Registration, Social Security and Welfare) Bill, 2026, giving platform-based workers a clear social security framework and statutory safeguards for the first time.

The government had crafted the legislation after extensive consultations with workers and companies, Labour and Employment Minister G. Vivek Venkataswamy said. “If gig workers are not taken care of, penalties will be imposed on aggregators,” he said, adding that the government “firmly stands with the workers”.
The Bill establishes a Social Security and Welfare Board , with representation of women and persons with disabilities.
In a major structural shift, aggregators — including delivery, ride-hailing, and service apps — must contribute up to 2% of their transaction value to a State-managed welfare fund. The corpus will support insurance, pension, and maternity benefits.
The law also introduces a strong grievance redressal system to protect workers from sudden termination or payment stoppages.
For the first time, companies will be required to maintain full transparency in order allocation and payment calculations.

Paper-II: Current Events of State Importance and Important Government Schemes and Programs

Peenya, Hennur among pockets emerging as heat islands; GBA plans cooling measures
Context: While Bengaluru is not classified as a heatwave-prone city, pockets in it — such as Peenya, Nagawara, Hennur, and HBR Layout — are emerging as “urban heat islands”, with temperatures up to 4 degrees Celsius higher than other parts of the city, according to a baseline study.

Urban heat islands occur when dense construction, asphalt roads, and reduced greenery trap heat during the day and release it at night, making these areas hotter than their surroundings.
The baseline study by the C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group, in which Greater Bengaluru Authority (GBA) corporations had also participated, shows that land-use changes are a key driver of the heat island effect. Industrial zones like Peenya, dominated by concrete and corrugated structures, and mixed-use corridors such as Nagawara-Hennur, with heavy construction and major transit intersections, re-radiate heat and remain warmer at night.

Interventions planned

To tackle this, city corporations — West and North, under which the mentioned areas fall — are developing a targeted heat action framework, combining immediate mitigation with a long-term “Heat and Health” protocol.
Measures include reflective “cool roof” interventions for public buildings (such as painting hospitals and schools white), expansion of tree cover, and restoration of water bodies to reintroduce natural cooling.
West Corporation Commissioner K.V. Rajendra said the corporation will begin with the rollout of cool roofing across all primary health centres (PHCs).
GBA officials say that marginalised communities, like labourers and frontline workers, operating within heat hotspots face disproportionate risks
In neighbourhoods such as Peenya, Hennur, and Nagawara, identified as Bengaluru’s emerging heat hotspots in a baseline study by the C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group, the impact of rising temperatures is most visible in the daily routines of those who work outdoors.
Nearly 44% of the city’s workforce is engaged in outdoor occupations, and for them, these pockets translate into prolonged exposure to heat with no scope for relief during the day, according to surveys referenced by the Greater Bengaluru Authority’s (GBA) corporations, which are now planning targeted cooling measures in these areas.

Most vulnerable

Field insights and reports cited by officials, including those by Hasiru Dala, an organisation working with informal labourers, show that over 73% of waste workers continue to toil during peak heat hours, with 92% reporting that the heat directly affects them. This is a trend that extends to construction labourers, traffic personnel, and street vendors. Workers report fatigue, dehydration, reduced productivity, and heat-related health stress, as daily-wage and location-dependent livelihoods leave little room to pause work or move to better conditions.
Officials said their assessment also drew on data from the National Crime Records Bureau and the State Health Department, which show that in India, 730 deaths due to heat or sunstroke were reported in 2022, 374 in 2021, and 530 in 2020. A study by the Centre for Study of Science, Technology and Policy, which mapped a Heatwave Health Risk Index for Karnataka, categorises Bengaluru as a moderate-risk city, driven by factors such as declining green cover and high population density. However, the study’s Exposure Index places the city in a “high exposure” category, highlighting the concentration of people, livelihoods, and infrastructure at risk, specifically flagging outdoor workers as particularly vulnerable to heat stress.
Marginalised communities and frontline workers operating within heat hotspots face disproportionate risks, GBA officials said. In one documented case from a food processing unit in Nayandahalli, located near an aluminium-smelting facility, workers reported that trapped heat combined with polluted exhaust created extreme indoor conditions, leading to breathing difficulty, dehydration, and fatigue during peak summer afternoons.

Disproportionate risk

“After noon, it gets unbearable — especially in recent years. Though there’s a park nearby, it gets closed early. Sometimes we manage by keeping cold rags over the head, but that does not help for long. We can’t leave the spot because we will lose our customers,” Naseer Giyas, a vegetable seller in Nagawara, said.
Construction workers describe a similar strain, where heat combined with dust worsens physical exhaustion and health risks. Many pointed out that summer months often see higher construction activity as dry conditions make processes like cementing and curing easier, leaving them exposed to peak heat for longer hours.
Rakesh Shenoy, a traffic personnel, said that there have been talks for a long time about providing drinking water and shade near junctions, but it has barely translated into action on the ground. “If properly implemented, it will make a big difference, because we stand for long, continuous shifts without proper breaks,” he said.

Gaps in preparedness

Officials acknowledged key gaps in the city’s preparedness, noting that the Bengaluru Climate Action Plan lacks statutory enforcement powers, while funding for heat mitigation is spread across multiple departments. At the operational level, infrastructure such as cooling shelters and emergency water distribution remains sparse, and informal workers continue to lack dedicated cooling or rest spaces.
Officials added that the plans focus on immediate measures to protect vulnerable populations, while the long-term strategy aims to build a responsive heat management system for the city.

Main Examination

Paper-I: Essays

Essay – 1: Topic of International/National Importance

Democracy is about fair voice, and not just raw numbers. In the Indian context, federal stability matters as much as electoral arithmetic – Discuss.

Essay-2: Topic of State importance/Local Importance

“In the wake of the global energy crisis and environmental pollution, to what extent has Karnataka’s Electric Vehicle (EV) policy been successful in steering the state towards sustainable transport? Critically examine.”

Paper-II: General Studies 1

Manufacturing, capital goods lift IIP growth to 5.2% in Feb.
Context: Growth in India’s industrial activity accelerated marginally to 5.2% in February, driven by a quickening of growth in the manufacturing and capital goods sectors.

The data on the Index of Industrial Production for February, released by the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, shows that the final growth for January was also upgraded to 5.1% from the provisional 4.8% stated as part of last month’s data release.
Within the Index, growth in the manufacturing sector accelerated to 6% in February, from 5.3% in the previous month. This was also considerably faster than the 2.8% in growth in February last year. The mining and quarrying sector, on the other hand, saw growth slowing to a four-month low of 3.1% in February 2026, down from 4.3% in January. This was, however, faster than the 1.6% seen in February 2025.
Growth in the electricity sector, too, slowed to 2.3% in February 2026 from 5.1% in January.
“The growth is investment led, with basic metals, automobiles, machinery, and double digit gains in capital goods and infrastructure/construction goods pointing to a capex and infrastructure driven upcycle,”.
Notably, growth in the capital goods sector accelerated to a nine-month high of 12.5% in February 2026 from 4.1% in the previous month. This performance on the back of a relatively strong performance of 8.1% in February of last year.
Consumer demand, however, seems to have slumped, according to the data. The consumer durables sector contracted 2.1% in February 2026, the sector’s worst performance in 27 months. The consumer non-durables sector, too, contracted 0.6%, the second consecutive month of contraction.

Weightage of Eight Core Industries in India
The “Core Industries” comprise nearly 40.27% of the total weight of items included in the Index of Industrial Production (IIP).

Sl. No.	Core Industry Sector	Weightage (in %)
1	Refinery Products	28.04% (Highest)
2	Electricity	19.85%
3	Steel	17.92%
4	Coal	10.33%
5	Crude Oil	8.98%
6	Natural Gas	6.88%
7	Cement	5.37%
8	Fertilizers	2.63% (Lowest)
Total	Combined Weight of 8 Core Industries	40.27%

Base Year: The current weightage is calculated based on the 2011-12 base year.
IIP Connection: Since these eight industries have a 40.27% share in the Index of Industrial Production, any fluctuations here significantly impact India’s overall industrial growth data.
Sectoral Weightage in IIP (Broad Categories)
If you look at the entire IIP (100%), it is divided into three main sectors:
1.Manufacturing: 77.63% (Highest Share)
2.Mining: 14.37%
3.Electricity: 7.99%
Note: While “Electricity” is a core industry, in the broader IIP classification, it is treated as a separate sector alongside Manufacturing and Mining.

Govt. retains interest rates on small savings schemes

The Union government on Monday left interest rates unchanged for various small savings schemes, including PPF and NSC, for the eighth straight quarter, beginning April 1, 2026.
As per a Finance Ministry notification, the Sukanya Samriddhi Scheme will attract an interest rate of 8.2%, while the rate on a three-year term deposit remains at 7.1%.
The interest rates for Public Provident Fund (PPF), National Savings Certificate (NSC) and post office savings deposit schemes have been retained at 7.1%, 7.7% and 4%, respectively.
The government last changed the interest rate on some schemes in the fourth quarter of the financial year 2023-24.

IRDAI approves India AS framework for insurers

IRDAI has approved amendments mandating insurers to prepare and present financial statements in accordance with applicable Indian Accounting Standards effective April 1, 2026.
The implementation of Ind AS will be applicable to all categories of insurers – life, general, stand alone health insurers and reinsurers. The amendment sets out the regulatory framework governing the recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of financial statements under Ind AS. Introduction of Ind AS aims to enhance consistency, transparency and comparability in financial reporting across the insurance sector, in alignment with globally accepted standards, IRDAI said, announcing approval for the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India (Actuarial, Finance and Investment Functions of Insurers) (Amendment) Regulations, 2026.

Sitharaman defends IBC citing higher recoveries, turnarounds
Context: Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman on Monday defended the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC) in Parliament, citing the high level of realisations from distressed assets, recovery for creditors, and turnaround of companies that have emerged from the resolution process.

Replying to the debate on the Insolvency and Bankruptcy (Amendment) Bill 2026, Ms. Sitharaman said the point of the IBC was not debt recovery, but the rescue of viable businesses and addressing their financial stress.
“The IBC is a framework for rescuing viable businesses and resolving financial stress while preserving the enterprise value,” Ms. Sitharaman said. “It was never intended to be a debt-recovery tool. Recovery values are a by-product,” she added.
She said, the IBC process is market-driven and recoveries reflect the underlying asset quality and commercial viability of the distressed enterprise. “The IBC actually realises 94.95% of the fair value of the company at the time of admission,” she said.
The Lok Sabha passed the Bill to amend the insolvency law to provide for strict timelines, an out-of-court settlement option and enable the framework for cross-border insolvency processes.

April-February fiscal deficit at 80% of FY 26 target
Context: India’s fiscal deficit in April-February was ₹12.5 trillion ($132 billion) or 80.4% of the estimate for the financial year ending March 31, government data showed.

Net tax receipts stood at ₹21.5 trillion, an increase from ₹20.2 trillion collected in the same period a year ago.

NHAI on track to secure asset monetisationof ₹30,000 cr.
Context: The National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) said it is on track to meet the Centre’s budgeted target of ₹30,000 crore for asset monetisation in the current financial year.

The NHAI said it has already mobilised ₹28,307 crore through a mix of Public and Private Infrastructure Investment Trust (InvIT) and the Toll-Operate-Transfer (TOT) model.
Bids for TOT Bundle-19 have been received and are currently under technical evaluation, NHAI said.
Last financial year, NHAI monetised assets for a total of ₹28,724 crore.

Paper-III: General Studies 2

Iranian Parliament mulls possible exit from nuclear treaty
Context: Iran’s Parliament is reviewing a possible exit from the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), Foreign Ministry spokesperson Esmail Baghaei said on Monday, while insisting that Tehran has not and will not seek nuclear weapons.

Iran says its nuclear programme is for peaceful purpose and that as a signatory of the NPT it has the right to peaceful nuclear enrichment.

The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) is a landmark international treaty whose objective is to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and weapons technology, to promote cooperation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy, and to further the goal of achieving nuclear disarmament.
Opened for signature in 1968 and entering into force in 1970, it represents the only binding commitment in a multilateral treaty to the goal of disarmament by the nuclear-weapon states.

The Three Pillars of the NPT
The treaty is generally interpreted as a “grand bargain” between the Nuclear-Weapon States (NWS) and the Non-Nuclear-Weapon States (NNWS) based on three central pillars:

Non-Proliferation
Nuclear-Weapon States (NWS): Defined as those that manufactured and exploded a nuclear weapon or other nuclear explosive device prior to January 1, 1967 (USA, Russia, UK, France, and China). They agree not to transfer nuclear weapons to any recipient.
Non-Nuclear-Weapon States (NNWS): Agree not to receive, manufacture, or otherwise acquire nuclear weapons. They must also accept International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) safeguards to verify that their nuclear activities remain peaceful.
Disarmament
Under Article VI, all parties undertake to pursue negotiations in good faith on effective measures relating to the cessation of the nuclear arms race and to nuclear disarmament.
This is often a point of contention, as NNWS frequently argue that the NWS have not made sufficient progress toward total elimination of their arsenals.
Peaceful Use of Nuclear Energy
The treaty recognizes the “inalienable right” of all parties to develop research, production, and use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes (such as medicine, agriculture, and power generation) without discrimination.

Membership and Universalization
The NPT has the widest adherence of any arms control agreement, with 191 states parties. However, its “universality” faces challenges:
Non-Signatories: India, Israel, and Pakistan have never signed the treaty. South Sudan is also a non-signatory.
Withdrawal: North Korea joined the NPT but announced its withdrawal in 2003, subsequently conducting nuclear tests.

India’s Position: India has consistently refused to sign the NPT, viewing it as discriminatory. India argues that the treaty creates a “nuclear haves” and “nuclear have-nots” divide by imposing restrictions on non-nuclear states while failing to mandate a concrete, time-bound plan for disarmament by the five recognized nuclear powers.

Challenges and Current Context
As we look at the global security landscape in 2026, the NPT faces several modern pressures:
Modernization of Arsenals: Many NWS are currently upgrading their nuclear delivery systems, which critics argue contradicts the spirit of Article VI.
Review Conferences: Held every five years, these conferences are intended to assess the treaty’s implementation. Recent sessions have struggled to reach a consensus Final Document due to geopolitical tensions.

TPNW: The Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW), which entered into force in 2021, was born out of frustration with the perceived slow pace of disarmament under the NPT. While many NNWS support it, nuclear-armed states and NATO members generally do not.

Key Terminology
IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency): The “nuclear watchdog” of the UN, responsible for verifying that states comply with their NPT obligations.
Additional Protocol: A legal document granting the IAEA expanded rights of access to information and locations in a state to provide assurances regarding both declared and undeclared nuclear activities.

Paper-IV: General Studies 3

Centre eyes new regulation to cover social media users
Context: It plans to amend IT Rules and allow I&B Ministry to send takedown notices to individual users for posts; Internet Freedom Foundation calls it ‘massive expansion of unconstitutional censorship’.

The Union government is planning to allow the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (I&B) to send takedown notices to individual users for their social media posts. Under the IT Rules, 2021, the Ministry could issue such notices only to online news platforms.
In addition, any advisories to social media platforms by the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology would, if not complied with, affect the firms’ so-called “safe harbour”, allowing them to be held liable in court for users’ content.
These changes have been put forth in a draft amendment on Monday to the Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021, which were amended as recently as February.
In an explanatory memorandum to the proposed amendment, the IT Ministry said that the addition of individual user posts was a “[c]larification of applicability” of those rules to “news and current affairs content hosted by non-publisher users”.
In a statement, Internet Freedom Foundation (IFF), an Indian digital rights advocacy organisation, decried the proposal as a “massive expansion of unconstitutional censorship and regulatory power”.
The Ministry said these “amendments are clarificatory and procedural in nature and are intended to improve legal certainty, strengthen enforceability of Ministry directions, and ensure effective oversight of intermediary-hosted content, particularly news and current affairs.”
IFF pushed back on that claim, pointing to a key change in the proposal – an inter-departmental committee (IDC) to hear appeals against complaint outcomes, which broadened its mandate. “The original Rule 14(2) required the IDC to hear “complaints regarding violation or contravention of the Code of Ethics.” “The amended version removes this requirement entirely.The IDC now hears: (a) grievances arising from decisions at Level I or II; or (b) “matters” referred to by the Ministry.”
The government uses Section 79 of the IT Act, under which the IT Rules were notified, to warn social media platforms that content under a takedown notice, if retained, would lead to the loss of their safe harbour. Since February’s amendment abruptly changed takedown timelines to retain safe harbour to two-three hours from 24-36 hours, Meta has been taking down more posts and accounts under such notices. Blocking orders that are more legally binding are issued under Section 69A.
IFF accused the Centre of trying to sidestep orders by the Madras and Bombay High Courts, which have stayed certain parts of the IT Rules. “The cumulative effect of the amendments to Rules 8 and 14 is to reconstruct the oversight machinery that the Bombay and Madras High Courts found constitutionally suspect, in a form designed to evade the interim orders,” IFF said.

Several notices

The government has been increasingly issuing broad takedown orders in the past few weeks against posts and accounts that are anti-establishment, and ones that mocked Prime Minister Narendra Modi. Asked about the recent spurt in takedowns, IT Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw said that the Centre was targeting “AI-generated deepfakes” and “fake news”.

Paper-V: General Studies 4

On the implications of euthanasia
Context: The Supreme Court reaffirmed the right to die with dignity under Article 21, allowing withdrawal of life support and emphasising patient autonomy; it shows a shift towards dignity and relief from suffering, while raising concerns about misuse and social inequality.

The recent judgment by the Supreme Court in the Harish Rana v. Union of India (2026) case has raised questions regarding the ethical, legal, and social implications (ELSI) of passive euthanasia.
Euthanasia is related to the right to die with dignity, which was recognised by the Supreme Court in Common Cause v. Union of India (2018). The court held that the right to die with dignity is inseparable from the right to receive quality palliative care. Hence, in the Harish Rana case, the court, for the first time, allowed the withdrawal of the applicant’s Clinically Assisted Nutrition and Hydration (CANH).
The court had held in the Common Cause case that the right to die with dignity is an integral part of the right to life under Article 21 of the Constitution. Allowing passive euthanasia and recognising the Advance Medical Directives (living wills) for terminally ill patients to refuse life-prolonging treatment was laid down in Aruna Shanbaug v. Union of India (2011). Following this, in Common Cause v. Union of India (2023), the court streamlined the process of passive euthanasia, making its implementation easier.
In the new guidelines, the court changed the requirement for two medical boards, a hospital board and a district-level board, refining it to make the process smoother, and mandatory immediate judicial oversight in every case was removed. While addressing advance directives (living wills), the court emphasised patient autonomy, allowing individuals to refuse life-sustaining treatment and die naturally with dignity.
Considering the above, a few questions arise regarding euthanasia and its relevance in India. First, whether granting passive euthanasia is ethical. It is logically perceived that birth and death are natural processes; hence, nature should decide when a person dies and how the body responds to illness. In this context, any interference with the rules of nature may be considered unethical.
However, it is also a fact that life is the period between birth and death, and it is spent in a society where dignity is of utmost importance. Life, therefore, can be viewed as more sociological than biological. Both the birth and the death should be dignified. In this context, the right to die with dignity assumes greater significance.

Ethical aspects of euthanasia

The ethical principles enshrined in this act of granting passive euthanasia further clarify this issue. The primary and probably the most significant aspect is the principle of autonomy, which grants the patient — or, in cases of terminal illness, their next of kin — the right to make decisions. Second is the principle of beneficence, which is related to the patient’s benefit, which the doctors treating the patient should consider. Third is the principle of non-maleficence, which suggests that the decision to allow passive euthanasia should not cause harm. Finally, the principle of justice must be protected to ensure that no injustice is done to the patient.
Apart from these principles, we may look at the decision from the viewpoint of the Theory of Double Effect proposed by St. Thomas Aquinas. According to this theory, every action creates two effects, and the one that is less harmful or beneficial should be considered ethical. In the case of passive euthanasia, the action — withdrawal of life support, or CANH in the Harish Rana case — leads to two effects. First, the death of the patient, and second, relief from suffering. If the decision is taken without malice, the act can be considered ethical as the patient was relieved of his pain.

Social implications

The right to die with dignity or passive euthanasia in India reflects a progressive but cautious approach, mainly due to a transition in societal values. This transition is from rigid moral traditions to a more compassionate, rights-based approach. While it promotes dignity, autonomy, and relief from suffering, it also raises concerns about misuse, ethical conflicts, and social inequality. There has also been a transition from the social attitude of protecting life at any cost to the quality of life being more important than its length.
Another major implication is economic in nature, as long-term life-support treatment without any hope of recovery would put the family under severe economic stress, especially in the middle- and lower-income groups. In this context, the right to die with dignity appears to be justified.
Further, social implications may include its possible misuse and especially vulnerable people like the elderly, disabled and poor may face coercion. This may create a situation where the decision may be driven by financial constraints, social neglect, and family pressure. Hence, critics may point out that it would amount to disguised abandonment.
The court has taken utmost care while delivering the judgment and stated that “passive euthanasia is an obsolete and incorrect term, and should not be used either in common usage or legal writing and discussions”. It unnecessarily confuses the legal position on the issue, as the debate cannot be neatly divided into ‘acts’ and ‘omissions’. Further, the court also held that the patient is not abandoned by withdrawing or withholding medical treatment. Palliative and end-of-life care must continue for these patients.

Source: The Hindu

April 1, 2026 No Comments

Current Affairs English

KAS Current Affairs

Preliminary Examination

Paper-I: Current Events of National and International Importance

Gyan Bharatam Survey & App

This is a massive national undertaking to digitize and catalog India’s vast, often undocumented, wealth of ancient knowledge.
Objective: To create a comprehensive national database of manuscripts (handwritten documents on palm leaves, paper, bark, or cloth) scattered across private collections, temples, and local libraries.
The App: The Gyan Bharatam App serves as a crowdsourcing platform where citizens can upload images and metadata of manuscripts in their possession.
Verification Process: To ensure academic and historical integrity, every entry submitted by the public undergoes a multi-tier verification by experts before being officially recorded in the national register.
Significance: It prevents the physical loss of ancient texts and makes India’s intellectual heritage accessible for global research in fields like Ayurveda, Astronomy, Mathematics, and Literature.

MY Bharat Budget Quest

Operating under the MY Bharat (Madhyamik Yuva Bharat) platform, this initiative focuses on “Jan Bhagidari” (People’s Participation) in economic policy.
Objective: To demystify the Union Budget and policymaking process for the youth, fostering a generation that understands fiscal responsibility and national priorities.
Format: A nationwide digital quiz and quest that challenged participants on various aspects of the 2026-27 Budget, including key schemes, allocations, and economic concepts like the 11G Model Economy.
Scale of Participation: Approximately 12 lakh (1.2 million) youth participated, signaling a high level of interest in how the country’s finances are managed.
Strategic Goal: By connecting youth with the budget, the government aims to increase transparency and ensure that the “Amrit Kaal” goals are understood by the primary stakeholders—the young population.

Paper-II: Current Events of State Importance and Important Government Schemes and Programs

How delayed polls choked city’s air quality
Context: The delay in holding civic body polls has not only affected local administration in Bengaluru but has also led to the stalling of a whopping ₹1,475.90 crore under the 15th Finance Commission’s million-plus cities challenge, aimed at improving air quality.

While the stalled funds themselves appear mammoth, the impact of losing them has also affected air quality and particulate matter levels in Bengaluru, which have seen a steady rise over the last five years. For example, the Air Quality Index (AQI), which earlier averaged between the 60s and 90s in the city, has now crossed the 120 mark. In March 2026, the highest recorded AQI stood at 141, according to the city AQI dashboard.

What is the programme?

The Union government launched the National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) in 2019 to improve air quality across the country. Cities receive funds to improve air quality either under NCAP or under the 15th Finance Commission’s scheme called the million-plus cities challenge, a performance-based incentive for air quality improvement and solid waste management. Bengaluru was deemed eligible to receive grants from the 15th Finance Commission.
Accordingly, documents accessed by The Hindu show that Bengaluru received funds for two consecutive financial years, FY 2021–22 and FY 2022–23. However, after that, the city received no funding.
According to Greater Bengaluru Authority (GBA) sources, the criteria to receive grants were amended in 2023, making it mandatory to have an elected urban local body. For the erstwhile Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike (BBMP) area, civic polls were last held in 2015, and councillors’ terms ended in 2020, after which elections have not been conducted.
As a result, BBMP has missed out on securing ₹1,475.90 crore, which could have been used to address the rising levels of Particulate Matter 10 (PM10) in the city.
Compounding the problem, BBMP also failed to utilise the funds it had earlier received. Between 2021 and 2023, the 15th Finance Commission released ₹572 crore under the Solid Waste Management (SWM) component and ₹256 crore under the air quality component.
Although the local body had ₹828 crore at its disposal, its utilisation began only in 2023, according to the PRAANA portal set up to monitor the release and usage of funds.

Where were the funds used?

Recently, Bangalore Central MP P.C. Mohan raised a question in the Lok Sabha regarding NCAP/15th Finance Commission funds allocated to Bengaluru and their utilisation.
The response showed that Bengaluru has used the funds to plant green cover over 1,25,290 square metres, collect 2,72,000 tonnes of construction and demolition (C&D) waste, procure and deploy 127 new electric buses, and intervene at 20 traffic congestion points, among several other measures.
In what comes as a welcome move, the civic authority has finally started discussions on improving air quality and greening urban spaces. According to GBA sources, Chief Commissioner M. Maheshwar Rao has been emphasising the need to green urban spaces and median lines during meetings.
“Once GBA elections are conducted and a local governance body is elected, we will be eligible for funds and start receiving them. The action plan for intervention is ready, and we have obtained government approval,” a GBA source told The Hindu.
Further, a city-level monitoring and implementation committee has been formed to oversee the approved city action plan. An emergency response plan has also been prepared to tackle air pollution during critical situations. The committee has identified nine hotspots (high-emission zones), and action plans have been formulated to address them.

Main Examination

Paper-I: Essays

Essay – 1: Topic of International/National Importance

Essay-2: Topic of State importance/Local Importance

Paper-II: General Studies 1

Russia’s Baltic port of Ust-Luga

In the current geopolitical landscape of March 2026, Russia’s Ust-Luga port has emerged as a high-stakes flashpoint. As one of Russia’s most critical energy export hubs on the Baltic Sea, it has become a primary target in the ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine.

Strategic Importance of Ust-Luga
Located approximately 110 km west of St. Petersburg, Ust-Luga is a multi-purpose port that serves as Russia’s “Western Gateway.”

Energy Hub: It is a vital artery for the export of crude oil, gas condensate, and refined petroleum products. It handles approximately 700,000 to 1.15 million barrels of oil per day.
Revenue Source: The port is essential for generating the foreign currency that sustains Russia’s economy. Together with the nearby port of Primorsk, it handles nearly 45% of Russia’s seaborne crude exports.
Global Reach: Much of the oil from Ust-Luga is destined for markets in Asia, specifically India and China, especially as European markets remain largely closed due to sanctions.

Impact on Global Markets
The disruption at Ust-Luga is happening simultaneously with the U.S.-Israel-Iran war in West Asia, creating a “perfect storm” for global energy:

Price Surge: With the Strait of Hormuz effectively closed or restricted and Ust-Luga offline, global oil prices have soared past $100 per barrel.
Supply Shock: The combined disruption across these major nodes has removed millions of barrels from the daily global supply, causing acute stress in aviation, shipping, and fertilizer production.
Sanction Easing: Due to these extreme price pressures, the U.S. Treasury recently issued temporary licenses (March 12, 2026) to allow some Russian oil already at sea to reach markets, despite ongoing sanctions.

Paper-III: General Studies 2

Paper-IV: General Studies 3

Despite assurance from Centre, MGNREGS workers denied work
Context: From Bihar to Rajasthan, thousands of rural workers say work has been halted; as the Centre continues talks with the States on the VB-G RAM G Act, some district officials say they have been directed not to start new work under the old scheme.

For the past 87 days, MGNREGS workers have been protesting at the Muzaffarpur district headquarters in Bihar. The Union government had assured them that until the Viksit Bharat-Guarantee for Rozgar and Ajeevika Mission (Gramin) (VB-G RAM G) Act, 2025, passed by Parliament in December, is rolled out, the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) will continue unchanged. But on the ground, workers say the story is very different.
The protest in Muzaffarpur began on January 2. Nearly 12,000 workers in the district have not received work for the past three or four months — even before the new rural employment law was introduced.

Uncertainty continues

There is no clarity on when the new scheme under the VB-G RAM G Act will be implemented on the ground, as the Centre is still holding talks with the States to establish the necessary framework.
“Usually, no work is given during the rain. We waited for the monsoon to end, then for the waterlogged areas to drain. By December, the MGNREGA season normally begins. But despite repeated demand, no work has been provided.
This is a blatant violation of the law,” said Sanjay Sahni of MGNREGA Watch-Bihar, an organisation working with rural workers. Facing repeated rejections, around 16,000 workers — most of them women — gathered at the district headquarters to demand work. A delegation also travelled to Delhi on March 25 to meet senior officials in the Rural Development Ministry.
“The district officials claim they have instructions not to start any new work. But the Ministry officials insist that no such order exists,” Mr. Sahni said. He wonders whether it is lack of information or whether there is an informal signal from the Centre to stop all work under the MGNREGS.

Ground reality

In Dungarpur district of Rajasthan, similar complaints have emerged. At Balwarha panchayat, around 40 women workers arrived on March 23 to complete paperwork for April’s work cycle. Panchayat officials asked them to return later, citing a lack of clarity. On Saturday, they were told that the MGNREGS had been discontinued and no further work would be available under the scheme.
At Padarmarhi Mewarha panchayat, nearly 30 women workers sat for four hours last Friday, demanding work for the first week of April. Local officials initially claimed that directions had been issued not to start new MGNREGS works. After the women refused to leave, their applications were eventually accepted, but uncertainty continues whether any work will actually be assigned.
“For each household, MGNREGA work brings in about ₹25,000 to ₹28,000 annually. In some women-led households, MGNREGA and government pensions are the only sources of income,” said Madhulika of the Rajasthan Asangathit Mazdoor Union.
“There are no formal orders. The VB-G RAM G Act clearly states that until it is implemented, MGNREGA will continue. But on the ground, we are being told otherwise,” she said.

Paper-V: General Studies 4

Source: The Hindu

March 30, 2026 No Comments

Current Affairs English

KAS Current Affairs

Preliminary Examination

Paper-I: Current Events of National and International Importance

India signs ₹858-cr. defence deals with Russian, U.S. firms
Context: The Ministry of Defence signed contracts worth ₹858 crore for the procurement of air defence systems for the Army and maintenance support for the Navy’s reconnaissance fleet, reinforcing India’s balanced defence partnerships with Russia and the United States.

A contract worth ₹445 crore was signed with Russian agency JSC Rosoboronexport for the procurement of the Tunguska Air Defence Missile System for the Army. The system is expected to significantly enhance India’s multi-layered air defence capabilities against aerial threats such as aircraft, drones and cruise missiles, while further strengthening the Indo-Russian strategic defence partnership.
In a parallel move, the Ministry signed a ₹413-crore contract with U.S. firm Boeing India Defense Private Limited for depot-level inspection of the Navy’s P-8I Long-Range Maritime Reconnaissance Aircraft under the ‘Buy Indian category with 100% Indigenous Content’.
The contract will enable in-country maintenance, repair and overhaul (MRO) of the P-8I fleet, enhancing operational readiness, in line with the government’s Aatmanirbhar Bharat and Make in India push. The agreements underline India’s focus on strengthening combat capabilities.

Stronger trade corridors and supply chains needed, says Jaishankar
Context: External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar’s recent address at the G7 Foreign Ministers’ Meeting in France (March 2026) highlights a critical shift in India’s strategic focus toward resilient trade corridors and supply chain security.
This comes at a high-stakes moment, as the conflict in West Asia—which began on February 28, 2026—enters its second month, directly threatening the global economy.

Key Highlights: Jaishankar at G7 (March 2026)

The “Resilience” Mandate
Against the backdrop of the U.S.-Israel war against Iran, Jaishankar argued that traditional trade routes are increasingly vulnerable.
The Problem: The Strait of Hormuz (controlled by Iran) is currently a flashpoint. Since 20% of the world’s energy passes through it, the conflict has caused immediate “shocks” in food, fuel, and fertilizer markets.
The Solution: India is pushing for “Resilient Trade Corridors” that can bypass single-point chokepoints. This isn’t just about speed; it’s about economic survival for the Global South.
IMEC and the “FTA Advantage”
A major focus was the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC). Jaishankar noted that the project is now more relevant than ever due to:
India-EU FTA: The political conclusion of the India-European Union Free Trade Agreement in January 2026 (expected to enter force by 2027) provides the legal and economic framework to make IMEC viable.
Synergy: Combined with the EFTA (European Free Trade Association) and UK FTA, IMEC is no longer just a connectivity project but a high-utility trade highway linking India to the heart of Europe.
Freedom of Navigation & Narco-Terrorism
Jaishankar underscored two non-traditional security threats:
Freedom of Navigation: With merchant shipping under attack in the Gulf and Red Sea, India insists that international waterways must remain open for global economic security.
Narco-Terror Linkages: He raised concerns about the “Captagon” synthetic drug trade and organized crime, which thrive in conflict zones and fund destabilizing activities.

Strategic Context: The West Asia Crisis

Aspect	Current Reality (March 2026)
Energy Security	India has expanded crude oil imports to 41 countries and is rapidly filling its Strategic Petroleum Reserves (targeting 65+ lakh metric tonnes).
Diaspora Safety	Over 375,000 Indians have been evacuated from the Gulf region since the war began.
Trade Impact	Direct shipping costs have spiked due to the closure/risk of the Strait of Hormuz, making MD15 (Methanol) fuel and other domestic alternatives a priority for the Indian economy.

India’s Stance: “Pragmatic Neutrality”
Notably, while India has called for an end to the conflict and expressed concern over civilian lives, it has maintained strategic autonomy. India has:
Avoided direct condemnation of U.S. or Israeli military actions.
Focused on dialogue and diplomacy to reopen trade routes.
Positioned itself as the “Voice of the Global South,” ensuring that the concerns of developing nations (who suffer most from fuel/fertilizer inflation) are heard by the G7.

Paper-II: Current Events of State Importance and Important Government Schemes and Programs

Main Examination

Paper-I: Essays

Essay – 1: Topic of International/National Importance

“While the G7 views the West Asian conflict through the lens of ‘Global Security and Democratic Solidarity,’ the BRICS+ framework emphasizes ‘Strategic Autonomy and Multi-polarity.’ Evaluate the conflicting and converging roles of these two blocs in mediating the 2026 U.S.-Israel-Iran war.”

“The inability of the UN Security Council to prevent the escalation of the U.S.-Israel-Iran conflict has led to the ‘Club-based Diplomacy’ of the G7 and BRICS. Assess whether this shift toward informal blocs strengthens or weakens global peace and stability.”

Essay-2: Topic of State importance/Local Importance

Paper-II: General Studies 1

Paper-III: General Studies 2

Zojila Pass, which connects the Kashmir Valley with Ladakh

Context: The Zojila Pass, situated at an altitude of approximately 3,528 meters (11,575 feet), is one of the most strategic and treacherous mountain passes in the world. It serves as the vital terrestrial link between the Kashmir Valley (Srinagar) and the high-altitude desert of Ladakh (Kargil and Leh) via National Highway 1 (NH-1).

Strategic and Geographical Significance
The Gateway: It acts as the natural divide between the lush, green Kashmir Valley and the arid, brown mountains of the Dras and Suru Valleys.
Military Lifeline: It is the primary route for transporting military logistics, fuel, and essential supplies to the troops stationed along the Line of Actual Control (LAC) and the Siachen Glacier.
Historical Feat (Operation Bison): In 1948, during the Indo-Pakistani War, the Indian Army made history by deploying Stuart light tanks at this altitude to recapture the pass—the highest altitude at which tanks have ever been used in combat.
Current Status & Recent Events (March 2026)
Recent Avalanche (March 27, 2026): Just days ago, a massive snow avalanche struck near “Zero Point” on the Zojila Pass. Tragically, several vehicles were buried, leading to the loss of seven lives. This event has highlighted the persistent dangers of the pass, especially during the spring when rising temperatures destabilize heavy snow layers.
The Zojila Tunnel: A Game Changer To solve the problem of seasonal isolation, the Zojila Tunnel project is currently under construction.Length: At 14.15 km, it will be India’s longest road tunnel and Asia’s longest bi-directional tunnel.Progress (March 2026): The project has achieved approximately 60% physical progress. A critical breakthrough (where both ends of the tunnel meet) is expected by May 2026.Impact: Once completed (targeted for late 2027 to 2028), it will reduce the travel time across the pass from 3.5 hours to just 15 minutes. Crucially, it will provide all-weather connectivity, ensuring Ladakh is never cut off from the rest of India.

Quick Comparison: Pass vs. Tunnel

Feature	Zojila Pass (Current)	Zojila Tunnel (Future)
Travel Time	~3 to 4 hours	~15 minutes
Condition	Seasonal (closed in peak winter)	All-weather (365 days)
Safety	High avalanche/landslide risk	Avalanche-proof corridor
Connectivity	Narrow, steep hairpin bends	Modern 2-lane highway

Amid conflict, India sends out invites for key BRICS meetings
Context: Hoping to forge an elusive consensus over the war in West Asia, New Delhi is going ahead with planning key meetings of BRICS countries this year in India, and has sent out invitations for the BRICS Foreign Ministers’ Meeting to be held in May and the 18th BRICS Summit in September.

According to officials and diplomats, the invitations to the 10-nation grouping that also includes Iran and the United Arab Emirates went out in mid-March. Both countries have rebuffed several attempts by India — the current Chair of BRICS — for a joint statement.
Officials said it is unclear whether they will attend the meeting together, but “as of now” the BRICS Foreign Ministers’ Meeting is due to be held in-person in mid-May.
The summit, which could bring Russian President Vladimir Putin, Chinese President Xi Jinping and leaders from Brazil, South Africa, Egypt, Ethiopia, Indonesia, Iran and the UAE together in Delhi, is expected to be held on September 9-10.
“One of the key events on the political track, in addition to the traditional leaders’ meeting [in September], will be the BRICS Foreign Ministers’ Meeting, scheduled for May,” Russian government spokesperson Maria Zakharova told journalists in Moscow this week.
“This will be a good opportunity for a thorough discussion of current issues on the international agenda, the role of BRICS in the world, and opportunities for joint action,” she said, responding to questions about how the grouping would tackle the war in West Asia.
Diplomats have openly acknowledged difficulties in forging a statement that is agreeable to both Tehran and Abu Dhabi. “We have an ongoing conversation with BRICS members on the conflict in West Asia,” External Affairs Ministry spokesperson Randhir Jaiswal said at a media briefing on Friday.
“As you’re aware, some of the BRICS members are also involved directly in the conflict… Because we have differing opinions, it has been difficult for us to forge a consensus on this particular conflict.”
In June 2025, the BRICS then chaired by Brazil had managed to issue a strong statement when the U.S. and Israel jointly struck a number of Iranian nuclear sites, condemning the military strikes against Iran.

G-7 allies press Rubio for clarity on American plans for Iran war
Context: G-7 allies were pressing U.S. Secretary of State Marco Rubio for clarity on American plans for Iran almost one month into the war in the West Asia, with concern also intensifying over the extent of cooperation between Russia and the Islamic republic.

German Foreign Minister Johann Wadephul said the international community needed to collaborate even more closely now it was dealing with two wars — including the conflict sparked by Moscow’s invasion of Ukraine — in which Russia and Iran were cooperating.
In contrast to usual protocol, and in a sign of the distance between the United States and its allies, there is to be no joint communique at the end of the meeting.
The UK’s Foreign Minister Yvette Cooper urged a “swift resolution to this conflict that restores regional stability”.
Mr. Rubio said earlier that it was in the “interest” of all G-7 nations to push for the reopening of the Strait of Hormuz.

Paper-IV: General Studies 3

Paper-V: General Studies 4

March 28, 2026 No Comments

Current Affairs English

KAS Current Affairs

Preliminary Examination

Paper-I: Current Events of National and International Importance

Paper-II: Current Events of State Importance and Important Government Schemes and Programs

Main Examination

Paper-I: Essays

Essay – 1: Topic of International/National Importance

“From the NALSA Judgment to the 2026 Amendment Bill: An Analysis of the Right to Self-Identification, Challenges of Medical Screening, and the Constitutional Conflict in the Pursuit of Social Justice for Transgender Persons.”

Essay-2: Topic of State importance/Local Importance

“Karnataka is past its demographic peak: Discuss the strategic shift required from ‘Generating Employment’ to ‘Ensuring Job Quality’ to sustain the state’s economic growth.”

Paper-II: General Studies 1

‘Only 5% of households received mandated 100 days of employment under MGNREGA’
Context: Even as the Congress government in Karnataka opposed any move to dilute the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) by the Centre, a report by the Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG) flagged several shortcomings in the scheme’s implementation in the State.

The CAG report, tabled in the Legislative Assembly for the period 2019–20 to 2023–24, noted that only 5% of households received the mandated 100 days of employment.
Most households were provided just 1 to 30 days of work, while demand for employment did not exceed 48% of issued job cards during the audit period.

Contract management

The report highlighted irregularities in contract management, stating that outsourcing contracts were extended without fresh tenders, leading to higher service charges. It also pointed to violations in recruitment, where contract staff were hired without adhering to reservation norms, resulting in inadequate representation of women, Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and persons with disabilities.
Further, the audit found gaps in data systems, noting that NREGASoft lacked provisions to track employment demand and allocation for vulnerable groups such as nomadic tribes and HIV-positive individuals. Cross-verification with housing scheme records indicated their significant exclusion from the programme.
Serious financial irregularities were flagged, including fraudulent payments for completed or non-existent housing works, payments to ineligible beneficiaries, and fabrication of records in projects such as solid waste management, check dams, and social forestry.

Pendency rate

While ombudspersons had been appointed across districts, the report noted a high pendency rate of 59% in grievance disposal, with less than 20% of imposed penalties actually recovered.
The audit observed a decline in wage expenditure during 2022–23 and 2023–24, underutilisation of funds under the material component, and inadmissible administrative expenditure of ₹32.78 crore. Additionally, Aadhaar mapping remained incomplete for 3.11 lakh workers out of 84.98 lakh active workers as of March 2024, with ₹35.10 crore worth of transactions pending due to rejected payments.
The CAG observed irregularities such as printing of muster rolls without utilising NREGASoft and irregular payments on such manipulated muster rolls.
The State government has urged the Centre to scrap the “Viksit Bharat–Guarantee for Rozgar Ajeevika Mission (Gramin)” and restore MGNREGA in its original form to safeguard employment and livelihoods for rural workers.

Karnataka received less than 50% of funds allocated by Centre under JJM: Audit report
Context: Karnataka received less than 50% of the funds allocated by the Centre under the Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM), primarily due to poor utilisation of released funds, according to a report by the Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG).

The report, tabled in the Legislative Assembly, for the period 2019-20 to 2023-24, noted that the State received ₹11,189.37 crore — about 45% of the total allocation of ₹24,819.48 crore.
It attributed low fund utilisation to the reduced engagement of implementation support agencies. Spending on water quality monitoring and surveillance dropped sharply, from 50% in 2019-20 to just 2% in 2023-24, leading to infrastructure gaps such as inadequate water testing laboratories and equipment.
The audit further highlighted negligible community participation, with only ₹22.75 crore mobilised against an expected ₹1,594.90 crore.
Delays of three to nine months in submitting utilisation certificates and audited accounts contributed to the State not receiving the remaining central assistance.
The findings are seen as a setback for the State government, which has been criticising the Union government for insufficient fund release under the scheme, implemented by the Rural Development and Panchayat Raj Department.
Against a target of 72.14 lakh households, tap water connections were provided to 47.62 lakh households (66%) as of November 2024. The shortfall was attributed to delays in tendering, execution of works without ensuring land availability, and slow approvals, the report said.

Paper-III: General Studies 2

Karnataka home to 274 springs; Belagavi district tops list with 59
Context: The Karnataka Minor Irrigation and Groundwater Development Department has successfully completed the State’s first spring census. According to the census, 274 springs have been enumerated across 31 districts, with Belagavi reporting the highest number with 59.

Hot spring

The census also noted that there is one hot spring at Bendru Theertha in Dakshina Kannada district.
B.K. Pavithra, Secretary, Minor Irrigation and Groundwater Development Department, said that despite the logistical challenges posed by the monsoon, field enumerators leveraged a digital framework to successfully identify and document a total of 247 springs.
Highlighting the regional distribution and ecological health of these waterbodies, he added: “Our data reveals that Belagavi district leads the State, reporting the highest number with 59 springs. Furthermore, a significant majority of these vital water sources remain active, with 144 springs classified as perennial and 114 as seasonal, while 16 have dried up over time.”

Key rivers

The census report has mapped the origins of key rivers to these springs, noting that the Cauvery originates at Talacauvery in Kodagu, the Hemavati at Javali in Chikkamagaluru, and the Sharavati at Ambutheertha in Shivamogga.
This digitised data will now serve as a foundational database for future spring conservation, rejuvenation projects, groundwater management, and comprehensive water resource planning across Karnataka.
Springs are natural outlets where groundwater flows to the surface through openings in the earth’s crust. They typically occur when the water table intersects with the ground surface or when groundwater is forced out through fractures, faults, or permeable rock layers.

Western Ghats

“The Western Ghats and Malnad region, including districts like Kodagu, Chikkamagaluru, Uttara Kannada, Dakshina Kannada, Belagavi, and Shivamogga, are primary hubs for spring formation due to high rainfall and favourable geological conditions. Owing to a unique hydrological feature, a hot spring in Bendru Theertha, is located in Dakshina Kannada district,” the Karnataka Minor Irrigation and Groundwater Development Department added.
The department has received a certificate of appreciation from the Union Ministry of Jal Shakti for its first sprint census.

‘State past its demographic peak, job quality is key’
Context: The median age for Karnataka, as per report, is 32; the highest is recorded by Kerala at 39.

Karnataka has entered a state of demographic transition where a large working-age population will no longer be enough to drive economic growth, and future gains will depend on how productively people are employed, the ‘State of Working India 2026’ report said.
The report by Azim Premji University was released here on Tuesday. It examines how India’s school-to-work transition has evolved over the last 40 years.

Among ‘older’ States

The report places Karnataka among relatively “older” Indian States, alongside Kerala and Tamil Nadu, where the share of the working-age population is no longer rising significantly. In economic terms, this means that the boost to growth that comes from a rising working-age population, the demographic dividend, has largely played out.
According to the report, India is still young (with more young people entering the workforce currently), with a median age of 28, and accounts for a significant share of the world’s youth population. However, this window is narrowing quickly. The number of young people has already begun to decline, it said. The report highlights that the demographic dividend only translates into economic growth if there are enough jobs for people to take up. Without job creation, a large working-age population can just as easily become a burden.

Sharp contrasts

The State-level picture shows sharp contrasts. While southern and western States such as Karnataka are ageing faster and must now depend on productivity gains, northern States like Uttar Pradesh and Bihar still have a growing youth population. The median age for Karnataka, as per the report, is 32. The highest is recorded by Kerala at 39, while Bihar has the lowest median age of 22.
The report finds that younger States are not necessarily doing better at employing their youth. When it comes to overall employment, there is little difference between younger and older States. However, older and more industrialised States, including Karnataka, perform better in generating regular salaried jobs, which are typically more stable and better paid than casual or self-employment.
The link between economic growth and job quality is crucial here, the report said. States such as Karnataka, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu, which have seen relatively stronger economic growth, also show a clearer rise in salaried employment among young people. In contrast, poorer States have struggled to convert growth into such jobs at the same pace.
At the national level, the report traces how young Indians have moved between education and work over the past 40 years. Within education, enrollment among teenagers (15-19 years) has risen sharply since the 1980s, with girls nearly closing the gap with boys. More young people are staying in school longer, and more are entering higher education than before, the report said.

Employment story

But the employment story is more uneven. Between 2004-05 and 2017-18, rising education levels meant fewer young people were working, as they stayed in school or college longer. Since 2017-18, however, this trend has reversed. Employment among youth has increased but partly because some are leaving education earlier.
This shift is particularly visible among young men. Data shows a noticeable decline in the share of boys aged 15-19 in education in recent years, including in secondary and higher secondary levels. This decline began around the pandemic period and has not fully reversed, the report notes.

Young women

Among young women, the trend is different. The recent rise in employment has come mainly from fewer women remaining outside both education and work, rather than from dropping out of education. However, female workforce participation remains a major concern. A large share of women in their early 20s are still neither studying nor employed, the report mentioned, pointing to persistent structural and social barriers.

SC status only for Hindus, Buddhists, Sikhs: top court

Context: Conversion to any other religion will lead to complete loss of Scheduled Caste status, regardless of birth, says Supreme Court Bench as it invokes Clause 3 of Constitution (Scheduled Castes) Order.

The Supreme Court held in a judgment that a person professing any religion other than Hinduism, Buddhism, or Sikhism should not be considered a member of a Schedule Caste community.
The court concluded that conversion to any other religion would result in “immediate and complete loss of Scheduled Caste status from the moment of conversion, regardless of birth”.
A Bench of Justices Prashant Kumar Mishra and Manmohan invoked Clause 3 of the Constitution (Scheduled Castes) Order, 1950, which mandates that “no person who professes a religion different from Hinduism shall be deemed to be a member of a Scheduled Caste”. The Sikh religion was added to the ambit of Clause 3 in 1956. The provision was further amended in 1990 to include persons professing Buddhism.
“This bar under Clause 3 of the Constitution (Scheduled Castes) Order, 1950 is categorical and absolute,” Justice Mishra, who authored the judgment, interpreted the 1950 Order.
The court was hearing an appeal filed by Chinthada Anand, who was born a Hindu-Madiga (Scheduled Caste) but converted to Christianity to become a pastor.
Mr. Anand had filed a case under the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act of 1989 after he alleged that he had suffered repeated attacks and caste slurs.
The Andhra Pradesh High Court, in a decision in April last year, quashed the criminal proceedings on the ground that Mr. Anand could no longer claim protection under the 1989 Act as he professed Christianity and had been a pastor for about a decade. The High Court was of the view that the caste system was not recognised in Christianity.
Confirming the High Court’s decision in the plea by Mr. Anand, the top court drew attention to the term “profess” in Clause 3 of the 1950 Order.
“The term ‘profess’ connotes to publicly declare or practice a religion. The essence of the word lies in the open avowal of one’s religious beliefs in a manner discernible to the public at large. It is not merely a question of personal belief or private conviction, but requires an outward manifestation of one’s faith. It may be observed that Christianity, by its very theological foundation, does not recognise or incorporate the institution of caste,” Justice Mishra said.
The top court said a convert who did not profess any of the three religions in Clause 3 of the 1950 Order could not claim any “statutory benefit, protection, reservation or entitlement” of a Scheduled Caste (SC) member. Justice Mishra said the bar admitted no exception. A person cannot simultaneously profess and practice a religion other than the ones specified in Clause 3 and claim membership of a Scheduled Caste at the same time, the court said.
“A person who professes and practices such religion for personal, social and spiritual purposes cannot, in law, assert membership of a Scheduled Caste for the purpose of securing statutory benefits. The two positions are mutually exclusive and contrary to the Constitutional scheme,” Justice Mishra observed. A person claiming to have “re-converted” to Hinduism, Sikhism, or Buddhism must “cumulatively and conclusively establish” clear proof of his earlier caste; provide credible and unimpeachable evidence of bona fide reconversion to the original religion; and show satisfactory evidence that members of his original caste have accepted and assimilated him into the community. The court said renunciation of the new religion by the convert must be unequivocal. It should translate to the adoption and observance of the customs, usages, practices, rituals, and religious obligations of the original caste. Failure to establish even one condition renders the claim of re-conversion unsustainable, the court said.
The judgment also dealt with the Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order, 1950, which did not prescribe religion-based exclusion as in the case of the Scheduled Caste community. Justice Mishra said a person could claim benefits under the Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order, 1950, only if he or she continued to belong to that particular tribe “in substance”.

LS passes new transgender Bill as MPs stage walkout
Context: Amid an Opposition-led walkout, the Lok Sabha passed by voice vote the Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Amendment Bill, 2026, which proposes to remove transgender people’s right to self-determination of gender, and introduces a clause for examination by a medical board to determine their gender.

The Bill sought to stop adults and children from being “forced or compelled” to become or present as transgender persons through hormone therapy or other interventions and strengthened punishments for crimes against transgender persons.

Paper-IV: General Studies 3

AssamSAT: Assam floats tender for satellites to monitor floods
Context: Chief Minister Sarma announced the project in the 2025-26 State Budget; The procurement is for at least five satellites in low-earth orbit.

Assam has become the first Indian State to float a tender for a group of earth-observation satellites that it says will strengthen disaster response along the flood-prone Brahmaputra valley and help survey the State’s borders.
The Assam Science Technology and Environment Council issued an Expression of Interest (EOI) on March 16 inviting private aerospace companies to design, build, launch, operate, and eventually transfer the satellites to State ownership. The mission has been named AssamSAT.
Chief Minister Himanta Biswa Sarma announced the project in the 2025-26 State Budget as a means to achieve what he has repeatedly described as an “infiltration-free Assam”.
Mr. Sarma has argued that conventional border fencing is inadequate for the State’s chars, the seasonally inundated river islands along the Bangladesh border, and that real-time satellite monitoring is the sole practical alternative.
The procurement is structured around at least five satellites in low-earth orbit. The brief EOI doesn’t say whether the satellites will operate separately or together, in a constellation. As Per the brief, qualifying parties can avail the full EOI for a fee of ₹30,000.
Assuming it’s a constellation, the satellites will be able to scan the same part of the ground once every few hours and map it at high resolution — a useful task for disaster response during floods, where the extent of waters can change within hours.
The EOI also doesn’t specify the sensors the satellites will carry. But since the State has cloudy weather for almost half the year, the satellites may carry synthetic aperture radars (SAR), whose gaze can pierce clouds and darkness.
Currently, State disaster management agencies seeking satellite data must submit requests to the National Remote Sensing Centre, which will process and fulfill those requests.
The State sits close to the Siliguri Corridor, a strip of land colloquially called the chicken’s neck that physically connects the Northeast to the rest of India, and which State and Central security agencies have been preoccupied with monitoring.
Mr. Sarma has also extended the satellite’s mandate to include tracking drug-trafficking routes and monitoring poaching in the Kaziranga National Park.
In 2024, NewSpace India, Ltd. cleared a private-sector earth observation constellation led by Dhruva Space and Pixxel.
The plan combines small satellites carrying optical and hyperspectral sensors in low-earth orbit to deliver near real-time imagery for agriculture, disaster response, and national security users while being owned and operated by industry.

Paper-V: General Studies 4

Ethics Case Study: The Harish Rana Landmark Judgment

The case of Harish Rana is a profound intersection of medical ethics, constitutional law, and human compassion. It serves as a landmark Ethics Case Study for those analyzing the concepts of “Right to Life” versus “Right to Die with Dignity.”

1. Case Summary
In a historic first for India, the Supreme Court permitted the withdrawal of Clinically Assisted Nutrition and Hydration (CANH) for 32-year-old Harish Rana. Rana had been in a Permanent Vegetative State (PVS) for 13 years following a tragic fall in 2013 that left him with 100% quadriplegic disability. Following the legal withdrawal of life support, Rana passed away at AIIMS Delhi. In a final act of altruism, his family donated his corneas and heart valves.

2. Key Ethical Dilemmas

Sanctity of Life vs. Quality of Life: While Article 21 of the Indian Constitution guarantees the “Right to Life,” does this mandate the mechanical preservation of a body in a state where there is zero clinical hope of recovery or consciousness?
Non-Maleficence (Do No Harm): Is it more harmful to “let go” or to continue invasive medical interventions that merely prolong a vegetative existence without the patient’s consent?
Parental Autonomy vs. Moral Duty: The struggle of parents who must decide between the instinct to keep a child alive and the compassionate duty to end their prolonged suffering.
Altruism in Grief: The ethical strength required to pivot from a moment of profound loss to the decision of organ donation, benefiting strangers while the family is in mourning.

3. Analytical Framework for Ethics

Perspective	Ethical Application
Utilitarianism	Focuses on the “greatest happiness.” Prolonging a vegetative state for 13 years causes immense emotional and financial “disutility” to the family and the state with no “utility” (recovery) for the patient.
Deontology (Duty)	Doctors have a duty to preserve life (Hippocratic Oath), but they also have a duty to respect human dignity. The court ruled that “prolonging agony” is a violation of that duty.
Virtue Ethics	The family’s decision to donate organs reflects the virtues of Compassion, Fortitude, and Selflessness, turning a private tragedy into a public good.

4. Legal & Ethical Evolution in India

Aruna Shanbaug Case (2011): The starting point for the conversation on passive euthanasia in India.
Common Cause vs. Union of India (2018): Recognized that the “Right to Life” includes the “Right to Die with Dignity,” establishing the concept of a Living Will.
The Rana Judgment (2026): Goes a step further by allowing the withdrawal of basic nutrition/hydration in specific clinical scenarios, moving past just “ventilator support.”

Conclusion
The Harish Rana case teaches us that Compassion is sometimes found in the courage to let go. It reinforces the ethical principle that the “Right to Life” is not merely about biological existence, but about the dignity of the human spirit. His family’s decision to donate organs serves as a powerful testament to the idea that life can have meaning and impact even after it has technically ended.

Sources: The Hindu

March 26, 2026 No Comments

Current Affairs English

KAS Current Affairs

Preliminary Examination

Paper-I: Current Events of National and International Importance

Paper-II: Current Events of State Importance and Important Government Schemes and Programs

Karnataka received less than 50% of funds allocated by Centre under JJM: Audit report

Context: Karnataka received less than 50% of the funds allocated by the Centre under the Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM), primarily due to poor utilisation of released funds, according to a report by the Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG).

The report, tabled in the Legislative Assembly on Tuesday, for the period 2019-20 to 2023-24, noted that the State received ₹11,189.37 crore — about 45% of the total allocation of ₹24,819.48 crore.
It attributed low fund utilisation to the reduced engagement of implementation support agencies. Spending on water quality monitoring and surveillance dropped sharply, from 50% in 2019-20 to just 2% in 2023-24, leading to infrastructure gaps such as inadequate water testing laboratories and equipment.
The audit further highlighted negligible community participation, with only ₹22.75 crore mobilised against an expected ₹1,594.90 crore.
Delays of three to nine months in submitting utilisation certificates and audited accounts contributed to the State not receiving the remaining central assistance.
The findings are seen as a setback for the State government, which has been criticising the Union government for insufficient fund release under the scheme, implemented by the Rural Development and Panchayat Raj Department.
Against a target of 72.14 lakh households, tap water connections were provided to 47.62 lakh households (66%) as of November 2024. The shortfall was attributed to delays in tendering, execution of works without ensuring land availability, and slow approvals, the report said.

Main Examination

Paper-I: Essays

Essay – 1: Topic of International/National Importance

“Discuss the historical background, legislative journey, and political implications of women’s reservation in the Indian Parliament and State Assemblies. In your answer, critically evaluate the proposed constitutional amendments for increasing Lok Sabha seats and ensuring 33% representation for women by 2029.”

Essay-2: Topic of State importance/Local Importance

“Critically examine the implementation of the Jal Jeevan Mission in Karnataka. Why has the state been able to utilize only ₹11,189 crore out of the ₹24,819.48 crore allocated by the Centre? Discuss the challenges, audit findings, and suggest measures for effective utilization of funds to achieve the goal of providing piped drinking water to every household.”

Paper-II: General Studies 1

‘State past its demographic peak, job quality is key’
Context: The median age for Karnataka, as per report, is 32; the highest is recorded by Kerala at 39.

Karnataka has entered a state of demographic transition where a large working-age population will no longer be enough to drive economic growth, and future gains will depend on how productively people are employed, the ‘State of Working India 2026’ report said.
The report by Azim Premji University was released here on Tuesday. It examines how India’s school-to-work transition has evolved over the last 40 years.

Among ‘older’ States

The report places Karnataka among relatively “older” Indian States, alongside Kerala and Tamil Nadu, where the share of the working-age population is no longer rising significantly. In economic terms, this means that the boost to growth that comes from a rising working-age population, the demographic dividend, has largely played out.
According to the report, India is still young (with more young people entering the workforce currently), with a median age of 28, and accounts for a significant share of the world’s youth population. However, this window is narrowing quickly. The number of young people has already begun to decline, it said. The report highlights that the demographic dividend only translates into economic growth if there are enough jobs for people to take up. Without job creation, a large working-age population can just as easily become a burden.

Sharp contrasts

The State-level picture shows sharp contrasts. While southern and western States such as Karnataka are ageing faster and must now depend on productivity gains, northern States like Uttar Pradesh and Bihar still have a growing youth population. The median age for Karnataka, as per the report, is 32. The highest is recorded by Kerala at 39, while Bihar has the lowest median age of 22.
The report finds that younger States are not necessarily doing better at employing their youth. When it comes to overall employment, there is little difference between younger and older States. However, older and more industrialised States, including Karnataka, perform better in generating regular salaried jobs, which are typically more stable and better paid than casual or self-employment.
The link between economic growth and job quality is crucial here, the report said. States such as Karnataka, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu, which have seen relatively stronger economic growth, also show a clearer rise in salaried employment among young people. In contrast, poorer States have struggled to convert growth into such jobs at the same pace.
At the national level, the report traces how young Indians have moved between education and work over the past 40 years. Within education, enrollment among teenagers (15-19 years) has risen sharply since the 1980s, with girls nearly closing the gap with boys. More young people are staying in school longer, and more are entering higher education than before, the report said.

Employment story

But the employment story is more uneven. Between 2004-05 and 2017-18, rising education levels meant fewer young people were working, as they stayed in school or college longer. Since 2017-18, however, this trend has reversed. Employment among youth has increased but partly because some are leaving education earlier.
This shift is particularly visible among young men. Data shows a noticeable decline in the share of boys aged 15-19 in education in recent years, including in secondary and higher secondary levels. This decline began around the pandemic period and has not fully reversed, the report notes.

Young women

Among young women, the trend is different. The recent rise in employment has come mainly from fewer women remaining outside both education and work, rather than from dropping out of education. However, female workforce participation remains a major concern. A large share of women in their early 20s are still neither studying nor employed, the report mentioned, pointing to persistent structural and social barriers.

The CAG report, tabled in the Legislative Assembly for the period 2019–20 to 2023–24, noted that only 5% of households received the mandated 100 days of employment.
Most households were provided just 1 to 30 days of work, while demand for employment did not exceed 48% of issued job cards during the audit period.

Contract management

The report highlighted irregularities in contract management, stating that outsourcing contracts were extended without fresh tenders, leading to higher service charges. It also pointed to violations in recruitment, where contract staff were hired without adhering to reservation norms, resulting in inadequate representation of women, Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and persons with disabilities.
Further, the audit found gaps in data systems, noting that NREGASoft lacked provisions to track employment demand and allocation for vulnerable groups such as nomadic tribes and HIV-positive individuals. Cross-verification with housing scheme records indicated their significant exclusion from the programme.
Serious financial irregularities were flagged, including fraudulent payments for completed or non-existent housing works, payments to ineligible beneficiaries, and fabrication of records in projects such as solid waste management, check dams, and social forestry.

Pendency rate

While ombudspersons had been appointed across districts, the report noted a high pendency rate of 59% in grievance disposal, with less than 20% of imposed penalties actually recovered.
The audit observed a decline in wage expenditure during 2022–23 and 2023–24, underutilisation of funds under the material component, and inadmissible administrative expenditure of ₹32.78 crore. Additionally, Aadhaar mapping remained incomplete for 3.11 lakh workers out of 84.98 lakh active workers as of March 2024, with ₹35.10 crore worth of transactions pending due to rejected payments.
The CAG observed irregularities such as printing of muster rolls without utilising NREGASoft and irregular payments on such manipulated muster rolls.
The State government has urged the Centre to scrap the “Viksit Bharat–Guarantee for Rozgar Ajeevika Mission (Gramin)” and restore MGNREGA in its original form to safeguard employment and livelihoods for rural workers.

Paper-III: General Studies 2

SC status only for Hindus, Buddhists, Sikhs: top court
Context: Conversion to any other religion will lead to complete loss of Scheduled Caste status, regardless of birth, says Supreme Court Bench as it invokes Clause 3 of Constitution (Scheduled Castes) Order.

The Supreme Court held in a judgment that a person professing any religion other than Hinduism, Buddhism, or Sikhism should not be considered a member of a Schedule Caste community.
The court concluded that conversion to any other religion would result in “immediate and complete loss of Scheduled Caste status from the moment of conversion, regardless of birth”.
A Bench of Justices Prashant Kumar Mishra and Manmohan invoked Clause 3 of the Constitution (Scheduled Castes) Order, 1950, which mandates that “no person who professes a religion different from Hinduism shall be deemed to be a member of a Scheduled Caste”. The Sikh religion was added to the ambit of Clause 3 in 1956. The provision was further amended in 1990 to include persons professing Buddhism.
“This bar under Clause 3 of the Constitution (Scheduled Castes) Order, 1950 is categorical and absolute,” Justice Mishra, who authored the judgment, interpreted the 1950 Order.
The court was hearing an appeal filed by Chinthada Anand, who was born a Hindu-Madiga (Scheduled Caste) but converted to Christianity to become a pastor.
Mr. Anand had filed a case under the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act of 1989 after he alleged that he had suffered repeated attacks and caste slurs.
The Andhra Pradesh High Court, in a decision in April last year, quashed the criminal proceedings on the ground that Mr. Anand could no longer claim protection under the 1989 Act as he professed Christianity and had been a pastor for about a decade. The High Court was of the view that the caste system was not recognised in Christianity.
Confirming the High Court’s decision in the plea by Mr. Anand, the top court drew attention to the term “profess” in Clause 3 of the 1950 Order.
“The term ‘profess’ connotes to publicly declare or practice a religion. The essence of the word lies in the open avowal of one’s religious beliefs in a manner discernible to the public at large. It is not merely a question of personal belief or private conviction, but requires an outward manifestation of one’s faith. It may be observed that Christianity, by its very theological foundation, does not recognise or incorporate the institution of caste,” Justice Mishra said.
The top court said a convert who did not profess any of the three religions in Clause 3 of the 1950 Order could not claim any “statutory benefit, protection, reservation or entitlement” of a Scheduled Caste (SC) member. Justice Mishra said the bar admitted no exception. A person cannot simultaneously profess and practice a religion other than the ones specified in Clause 3 and claim membership of a Scheduled Caste at the same time, the court said.
“A person who professes and practices such religion for personal, social and spiritual purposes cannot, in law, assert membership of a Scheduled Caste for the purpose of securing statutory benefits. The two positions are mutually exclusive and contrary to the Constitutional scheme,” Justice Mishra observed. A person claiming to have “re-converted” to Hinduism, Sikhism, or Buddhism must “cumulatively and conclusively establish” clear proof of his earlier caste; provide credible and unimpeachable evidence of bona fide reconversion to the original religion; and show satisfactory evidence that members of his original caste have accepted and assimilated him into the community. The court said renunciation of the new religion by the convert must be unequivocal. It should translate to the adoption and observance of the customs, usages, practices, rituals, and religious obligations of the original caste. Failure to establish even one condition renders the claim of re-conversion unsustainable, the court said.
The judgment also dealt with the Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order, 1950, which did not prescribe religion-based exclusion as in the case of the Scheduled Caste community. Justice Mishra said a person could claim benefits under the Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order, 1950, only if he or she continued to belong to that particular tribe “in substance”.

LS passes new transgender Bill

Context: Amid an Opposition-led walkout, the Lok Sabha passed by voice vote the Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Amendment Bill, 2026, which proposes to remove transgender people’s right to self-determination of gender, and introduces a clause for examination by a medical board to determine their gender.

The MPs who walked out of the House were from parties such as the Congress, Samajwadi Party, Trinamool Congress, DMK, Shiv Sena (UBT), Nationalist Congress Party, and the CPI(M). Congress whip Manickam Tagore said they walked out as they were “not satisfied with the reply” of the Minister on the Bill. Transgender rights groups, civil society leaders, and several prominent members of the community condemned the passing of the Bill as an “injustice”.
Union Minister for Social Justice Virendra Kumar said the Bill sought to stop adults and children from being “forced or compelled” to become or present as transgender persons through hormone therapy or other interventions, and strengthened punishments for crimes against transgender persons. He said the Bill was aimed at empowering the transgender community.

Karnataka home to 274 springs; Belagavi district tops list with 59
Context: The Karnataka Minor Irrigation and Groundwater Development Department has successfully completed the State’s first spring census. According to the census, 274 springs have been enumerated across 31 districts, with Belagavi reporting the highest number with 59.

Hot spring

The census also noted that there is one hot spring at Bendru Theertha in Dakshina Kannada district.
B.K. Pavithra, Secretary, Minor Irrigation and Groundwater Development Department, said that despite the logistical challenges posed by the monsoon, field enumerators leveraged a digital framework to successfully identify and document a total of 247 springs.
Highlighting the regional distribution and ecological health of these waterbodies, he added: “Our data reveals that Belagavi district leads the State, reporting the highest number with 59 springs. Furthermore, a significant majority of these vital water sources remain active, with 144 springs classified as perennial and 114 as seasonal, while 16 have dried up over time.”

Key rivers

The census report has mapped the origins of key rivers to these springs, noting that the Cauvery originates at Talacauvery in Kodagu, the Hemavati at Javali in Chikkamagaluru, and the Sharavati at Ambutheertha in Shivamogga.
This digitised data will now serve as a foundational database for future spring conservation, rejuvenation projects, groundwater management, and comprehensive water resource planning across Karnataka.
Springs are natural outlets where groundwater flows to the surface through openings in the earth’s crust. They typically occur when the water table intersects with the ground surface or when groundwater is forced out through fractures, faults, or permeable rock layers.

Western Ghats

“The Western Ghats and Malnad region, including districts like Kodagu, Chikkamagaluru, Uttara Kannada, Dakshina Kannada, Belagavi, and Shivamogga, are primary hubs for spring formation due to high rainfall and favourable geological conditions. Owing to a unique hydrological feature, a hot spring in Bendru Theertha, is located in Dakshina Kannada district,” the Karnataka Minor Irrigation and Groundwater Development Department added.
The department has received a certificate of appreciation from the Union Ministry of Jal Shakti for its first sprint census.

Paper-IV: General Studies 3

Assam floats tender for satellites to monitor floods

Context: Chief Minister Sarma announced the project in the 2025-26 State Budget; The procurement is for at least five satellites in low-earth orbit.

Assam has become the first Indian State to float a tender for a group of earth-observation satellites that it says will strengthen disaster response along the flood-prone Brahmaputra valley and help survey the State’s borders.
The Assam Science Technology and Environment Council issued an Expression of Interest (EOI) on March 16 inviting private aerospace companies to design, build, launch, operate, and eventually transfer the satellites to State ownership. The mission has been named AssamSAT.
Chief Minister Himanta Biswa Sarma announced the project in the 2025-26 State Budget as a means to achieve what he has repeatedly described as an “infiltration-free Assam”.
Mr. Sarma has argued that conventional border fencing is inadequate for the State’s chars, the seasonally inundated river islands along the Bangladesh border, and that real-time satellite monitoring is the sole practical alternative.
The procurement is structured around at least five satellites in low-earth orbit. The brief EOI doesn’t say whether the satellites will operate separately or together, in a constellation. Per the brief, qualifying parties can avail the full EOI for a fee of ₹30,000.
Assuming it’s a constellation, the satellites will be able to scan the same part of the ground once every few hours and map it at high resolution — a useful task for disaster response during floods, where the extent of waters can change within hours.
The EOI also doesn’t specify the sensors the satellites will carry. But since the State has cloudy weather for almost half the year, the satellites may carry synthetic aperture radars (SAR), whose gaze can pierce clouds and darkness.
Currently, State disaster management agencies seeking satellite data must submit requests to the National Remote Sensing Centre, which will process and fulfill those requests.
The State sits close to the Siliguri Corridor, a strip of land colloquially called the chicken’s neck that physically connects the Northeast to the rest of India, and which State and Central security agencies have been preoccupied with monitoring.
Mr. Sarma has also extended the satellite’s mandate to include tracking drug-trafficking routes and monitoring poaching in the Kaziranga National Park.
In 2024, NewSpace India, Ltd. cleared a private-sector earth observation constellation led by Dhruva Space and Pixxel.
The plan combines small satellites carrying optical and hyperspectral sensors in low-earth orbit to deliver near real-time imagery for agriculture, disaster response, and national security users while being owned and operated by industry.

Paper-V: General Studies 4

Sources: The Hindu

March 26, 2026 No Comments

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